Assigment .Apa seven . All instructions attached.

 Mental Health   DSM5 Attached

Diagnostic Assessment

Discussion Topic

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5 TR) is the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals in the United States. It is intended to be used by clinicians of different theoretical orientations in all clinical settings. 

DSM-5 consists of three major components: 

Diagnostic Classification 

Diagnostic Criteria Sets 

Descriptive Text Diagnostic Classification 

The diagnostic classification is the official list of mental disorders recognized in the DSM. Each diagnosis includes a diagnostic code typically used by individual providers, institutions, and agencies for data collection and billing purposes. 

These diagnostic codes are derived from the coding system used by all U.S. healthcare professionals, known as the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-10). 

Diagnostic Criteria Sets For each disorder included in DSM-5 TR

a set of diagnostic criteria indicates symptoms that must be present (and for how long) and a list of other symptoms, disorders, and conditions that must first be ruled out to qualify for a particular diagnosis. While these criteria help increase diagnostic reliability (i.e., the likelihood that two doctors would come up with the same diagnosis when using the DSM-5 to assess a patient), it is important to remember that these criteria are meant to be used by trained professionals using clinical judgment; they are not meant to be used by the general public in a cookbook fashion. 

Descriptive Text 

The third area of DSM-5 is the descriptive text that accompanies each disorder. The text of DSM-5 provides information about each disorder under the following headings: 

Diagnostic Features 

Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis 

Subtypes and/or Specifiers 

Prevalence 

Development and Course 

Risk and Prognostic Factors 

Diagnostic Measures 

Functional Consequences 

Culture-Related Diagnostic Issues 

 Gender-Related Diagnostic Issues 

 Differential Diagnosis 

Recording Procedures 

DSM-5 TR Assignment: 

In order to complete the DSM-5 Assignment, the student is to conduct a clinical assessment of a client utilizing the criteria of the DSM-5. 

2

Assignment

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Professor’s Name

Course Name

Due Date

Diagnostic Assessment: The client is an 18-year-old male who has been exhibiting signs of depression and anxiety. The client has had at least two episodes of major depression, one of which is currently active. For the previous two weeks, the client’s mood has been consistently low throughout the day, almost every day. The client also reports a marked decline in interest or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities, an increase or decrease in appetite, difficulty sleeping or excessive sleepiness, a slowing of psychomotor activity, extreme fatigue or lack of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, trouble focusing, and frequent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation.

Diagnostic Classification: The DSM-5 TR diagnosis assigned to the client is Major Depressive Disorder, recurrent, moderate. The diagnostic code for this disorder is F33.2 (Liberman et al., 2022).

Diagnostic Criteria Sets: The patient has major depressive disorder as defined by the DSM-5 TR. The client has had serious depression on at least two separate occasions, with the most recent episode still ongoing. For the previous two weeks, the client’s mood has been consistently low throughout the day, almost every day. The client also states that they have lost interest in or pleasure from previously enjoyed activities, their appetite has changed significantly, they have experienced either insomnia or hypersomnia, their psychomotor activity has slowed or they have lost energy, they have developed feelings of worthlessness or guilt, they have trouble focusing, and they have had frequent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation (Liberman et al., 2022).

Descriptive Text:

Diagnostic Features: The client has had serious depression on at least two separate occasions, with the most recent episode still ongoing. For the previous two weeks, the client’s mood has been consistently low throughout the day, almost every day. The client also states that they have lost interest in or pleasure from previously enjoyed activities, their appetite has changed significantly, they have experienced either insomnia or hypersomnia, their psychomotor activity has slowed or they have lost energy, they have developed feelings of worthlessness or guilt, they have trouble focusing, and they have had frequent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation (Kennedy, 2022).

Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis: The client’s symptoms are consistent with other associated features of Major Depressive Disorder, such as feelings of hopelessness, social withdrawal, irritability, difficulty making decisions, and difficulty concentrating (Kennedy, 2022).

Subtypes and/or Specifiers: The client meets the criteria for the persistent type of Major Depressive Disorder, as the symptoms have been present for more than two months.

Prevalence: In any given year, 7.1% of the adult population in the United States has major depressive illness (Han et al., 2022).

Development and Course: The client has had two episodes of major depression, one of which is currently active. The onset of the first episode was approximately five years ago, and the client has experienced periods of remission interspersed with episodes of depression. The client reports that the severity of symptoms has been increasing over the past two years.

Risk and Prognostic Factors: The client’s risk factors for Major Depressive Disorder include a family history of depression, a history of childhood trauma, and a recent stressful life event. The prognosis is positive with proper treatment, and the client has expressed a willingness to engage in psychotherapy and/or medication management (Kennedy, 2022).

Diagnostic Measures: A thorough assessment of the client’s symptoms, including a mental status exam, was conducted to establish a diagnosis. The client’s symptoms were also assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (Kawilapat et al., 2022).

Functional Consequences: The client has reported that the depression has caused difficulty in work and interpersonal relationships. The client has also reported difficulty in completing daily tasks and an overall decrease in functioning.

Culture-Related Diagnostic Issues: The client’s cultural background is not likely to have a significant impact on the diagnosis (Abdoli et al., 2021).

Gender-Related Diagnostic Issues: Women are nearly twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (Luo et al., 2019). It is important to recognize that gender may have an influence on symptoms and experiences of depression, and to take this into account when making a diagnosis. The client’s gender is not likely to have a significant impact on the diagnosis.

Differential Diagnosis: To make an accurate diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder, it is essential to rule out other possible diagnoses, such as bipolar disorder, adjustment disorder, and persistent depressive disorder (Abdoli et al., 2021).

Recording Procedures: The client’s diagnosis, assessment, and treatment plan were recorded in the client’s medical record (Luo et al., 2019).

References

Abdoli, N., Salari, N., Darvishi, N., Jafarpour, S., Solaymani, M., Mohammadi, M., & Shohaimi, S. (2021). The global prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) among the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.041

Han, B., Volkow, N. D., Blanco, C., Tipperman, D., Einstein, E. B., & Compton, W. M. (2022). Trends in Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking Among US Adults With Major Depression or Substance Use Disorders, 2006-2019.
JAMA,
327(16), 1566. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.4790

Kawilapat, S., Maneeton, B., Maneeton, N., Prasitwattanaseree, S., Kongsuk, T., Arunpongpaisal, S., Leejongpermpoon, J., Sukhawaha, S., & Traisathit, P. (2022). Comparison of unweighted and item response theory-based weighted sum scoring for the Nine-Questions Depression-Rating Scale in the Northern Thai Dialect.
BMC Medical Research Methodology,
22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-022-01744-0

Kennedy, S. H. (2022). Core symptoms of major depressive disorder: relevance to diagnosis and treatment.
Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience,
10(3), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2008.10.3/shkennedy

Liberman, J. N., Pesa, J., Rui, P., Teeple, A., Lakey, S., Wiggins, E., & Ahmedani, B. (2022). Predicting Poor Outcomes Among Individuals Seeking Care for Major Depressive Disorder.
Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice,
4(4), 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.prcp.20220011

Luo, Z., Li, Y., Hou, Y., Liu, X., Jiang, J., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Qiao, D., Dong, X., Li, R., Wang, F., & Wang, C. (2019). Gender-specific prevalence and associated factors of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder in a Chinese rural population: the Henan rural cohort study.
BMC Public Health,
19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8086-1