Assignment 1 & 2
Please help with assignment 1 & 2, instructions are in the word documents.
For assignment 1: Must be completed with lectures 1,2 & 3
For assignment 2: Must be completed with lectures 1,2,3,4 & 5
Questions: Assignment #1 for INST560
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Instructor: |
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Prof. Aliakbar Jalali |
Assignment #1 10% of overall grade |
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Class: |
INST560 |
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Due by: 11:55 PM EST on Saturday, JAN 21, 2023 |
Your Name: Miguel Eduardo Palacios Morataya
Please note:
An assignment is a piece of academic task for this class. It provides an opportunity for students to learn, practice and demonstrate they have achieved their learning goals. It provides evidence for the teacher that the students have achieved their goals.
This is an important assignment with a 10% overall grade! You are not allowed to receive help from anyone to complete this assignment. Also, you are not allowed to directly copy and paste your answers from any other source including from the Internet as that is a violation of the school policy and is considered cheating and will result in receiving a grade of zero for the assignment.
Instructions:
· Assignment # 1 covers Lectures 1, 2 and 3 and documents posted on Moodle.
· You must work on this file!
Please return this file to me via Moodle as soon as you it. (don’t convert to pdf or another format).
· Add your name on the top of this page and rename this file as INST560Ass1_
yourname, then submit it on Moodle (
Important:
you will lose 5 points if you do not follow the rules).
· If you think a question is unclear, mark what you think is the best answer. As always, I will consider written regrade requests if your interpretation of a question differs from what I intended.
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Your Answers Sheet for Part 1 Set on letter A, B, C, D or F and T for correct answer in table |
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Part 1 (40 points): Questions
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How many IoT devices are expected to be in use by 2025. a. 100 + Billion b. 50 + Billion c. 75 + Billion d. 30 + Billion |
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True or False: No difference between traditional Internet and IoT? |
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The IoT brings together most of the latest……… a. Technologies b. Computers c. Networks d. Smart phones |
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The economic impact of the IoT and IoP are……… a. IoT 20% and IoP 80% b. IoT 50% and IoP 50% c. IoT 80% and IoP 20% d. IoT 60% and IoP 40% |
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IoT Cyber security becomes a ‘must have’ but users are looking for……… a. Privacy b. Trust c. Standards d. All the above |
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Different between Traditional Internet and IoT: which one is wrong? ……….. a. Traditional Internet is known as the Internet of People b. IoT is known as the Internet of Future c. IoT is known as the Internet of everything. d. IoT is a system consisting of networks of sensors, actuators, and smart objects |
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History of IoT: Internet of Things, a phrase that was first used in 1990 by …… a. Kevin Ashton b. Bill Gates c. Steve Jobs d. Mark Zuckerberg |
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The Internet of Things puts a. Big data streaming from sensors b. Small data streaming from sensors c. Big data streaming from networks d. Small data streaming from Internet |
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One of the most important IoT connectivity challenge is: ……… a. Connecting so many devices b. Connecting so many people c. Connecting so many clouds d. Connecting so many gateways |
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IoT technology standards include: (which of the following is Correct) ……. a. Network protocols, b. communication protocols c. Internet protocol d. A and b |
Part 2 (40 points): Answer to the following questions:
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What are four IoT Agriculture Applications? |
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Ans |
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What is the name of 5 smart IoT based wearable devices? |
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What are 5 IoT enabling Technologies? |
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What is difference between IoT and IIoT? |
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What are three IoT Application in Government? |
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What is the most important factor among, Political, Business, Technology and Social that affect global change? |
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What are the 5 benefits of IoT enabling technologies? |
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What are the 5 latest technologies used in IoT? |
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True or False: Smart objects along with their supposed tasks constitute domain specific applications (horizontal markets) while ubiquitous computing and analytical services form application domain independent services (vertical markets) |
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What are Six main elements needed to deliver the functionality of the IoT? |
Part 3 (20 points): Questions:
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Connecting many physical objects like humans, animals, plants, smart phones, PCs, etc. equipped with sensors to the Internet generates what is called “big data.” Why Big data, for IoT, needs smart and efficient storage?
Your Answer:
2-
What is the meaning of “
Virtual Age” by searching in google?
Your Answer:
Add your name on the top of this page and rename this file as CYBR501Ass1_
yourname, then submit it on Moodle (Important:
you will lose 5 points if you do not follow the rules).
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INST560, Internet of Things (IoT)
Lecture 2: Winter 2023
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
aliakbar.jalali@live.uona.edu
1UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
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Topics
Introduction
What Are IoT Applications?
IoT application domain
10 major IoT applications
More IoT applications
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
• IoT (Internet of Things) applications refer to the use of connected devices that
can communicate and exchange data over the internet.
• These devices can range from consumer electronics, such as smart
thermostats and home security systems, to industrial equipment, such as
machinery and sensors used in manufacturing.
• IoT applications can be used in a variety of settings, including homes,
businesses, and public spaces.
• Overall, the goal of IoT applications is to make our lives more convenient,
efficient, and safe by enabling devices to communicate and exchange data in
real-time, enabling us to make more informed decisions.
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Reasons People and organization are using IoT Applications
• Increased efficiency: IoT applications can help organizations improve their processes and operations by
enabling them to monitor and control their systems more effectively. For example, an IoT-based
transportation system can track the movement of goods and vehicles in real-time, allowing businesses to
optimize routes and reduce waste.
• Improved safety: IoT applications can help improve safety in a variety of settings, such as by monitoring
safety equipment in industrial environments or by alerting emergency services in the event of an accident.
• Enhanced customer experience: IoT applications can be used to improve the customer experience by
providing personalized services and support. For example, a smart home system can learn a person’s
routine and adjust the temperature, lighting, and other settings accordingly.
• Cost savings: IoT applications can help organizations save money by reducing the need for manual labor
and improving resource efficiency. For example, a smart irrigation system can use weather data and soil
moisture sensors to optimize watering schedules and reduce water waste.
• Overall, the use of IoT applications can help organizations and individuals increase efficiency, improve
safety, enhance customer experiences, and save money.
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The Impact of IoT Applications
• Data is the new currency, IoT applications are sources of generating,
processing and distributing data, this is what drives the concept of the
Internet of Things.
• How is the stored and analyzed data from IoT application are used?
• Businesses: Businesses determine buying patterns, forecast new
trends, and streamline production.
• Government: Governments monitor the environment, forecast
population trends, predict crime rates, and plan for social services.
• City: Cities control traffic, monitor parking, provide police or fire
support quicker, and control waste management.
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The Impact of IoT Applications, Can Smart Devices Think?
• Smart devices, such as those found on the Internet of Things (IoT), do
not have the ability to think in the same way that humans do.
• Rather, they are programmed to perform specific tasks and to make
decisions based on the data that they collect and the instructions that
they receive.
• All digital devices work based on computer programs and supplied
data.
• Artificial Intelligence implies that these devices can think on their own.
• If programmed appropriately, smart devices can evaluate data that is
provided to them and modify processes or settings “on the fly”.
• If they are provided with sufficient data, they can “learn” and modify
their own code based on the new parameters.
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The Impact of IoT Applications, Can Smart Devices Think?
• For example, a smart thermostat can be programmed to turn the heating or air
conditioning on and off based on the temperature in a room.
• It can also learn a person’s schedule and adjust the temperature accordingly.
However, it does not have the ability to think or make decisions on its own.
• Similarly, a smart home security system can use sensors to detect motion and
trigger an alarm, but it does not have the ability to assess the situation and
decide whether to sound the alarm. It simply follows the instructions it has
been given.
• Overall, while smart devices can perform tasks and make decisions based on
data and instructions, they do not have the ability to think or reason in the way
that humans do.
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The Impact of IoT Applications, Can Smart Devices Think?
• Example: Imagine a refrigerated transport truck, carrying frozen
goods, that is equipped with a global positioning sensor.
• As the truck drives into a major city, the sensor determines that
there is an accident ahead that is causing major traffic
congestion.
• The sensor sends the data to the computer system that collects
the data and make decisions.
• The system then alerts the driver to the new conditions so that the
accident can be bypassed.
• This automatic interaction has saved the driver time and will get
the transported product to market faster with a product that is still
frozen.
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What Are IoT Applications?
• IoT applications run on IoT devices and can be created
to be specific to almost every industry and vertical,
including healthcare, industrial automation, smart
homes and buildings, automotive, and wearable
technology. Increasingly, IoT applications are using AI
and machine learning to add intelligence to devices.
• An IoT application is making the devices connected to
each other and the internet, it let them collect and
communicate data and make precise and informed
decisions through Machine Learning and Neural
Networks collecting, processing and delivering billions
of petabytes of data every day to users.
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IoT Applications Domains
1. Smart homes: IoT devices can be used to automate and control various aspects of a home, such as lighting,
heating, and appliances.
2. Smart cities: IoT applications can be used to improve the efficiency and sustainability of urban environments,
including by optimizing transportation systems, managing waste and water resources, and improving public safety.
3. Healthcare: IoT devices can be used to monitor and track patient health, such as through wearable devices that
track vital signs or smart pills that can be ingested and transmit data to healthcare providers.
4. Agriculture: IoT devices can be used to optimize crop production, such as by monitoring soil moisture and
temperature, and by automating irrigation and fertilization.
5. Manufacturing: Industrial IoT (IIoT) applications can be used to improve efficiency and safety in manufacturing
environments, such as by monitoring equipment and automating processes.
6. Transportation: IoT applications can be used to optimize the movement of goods, people, and vehicles, such as
through connected car systems or smart traffic management systems.
• Overall, the use of IoT applications has the potential to improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability in a wide
range of domains.
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IoT Applications Domain
Transportation
and Logistics
Logistics
Mobile
ticketing
Assisted
driving
Environm
ent
monitorin
g
Augmente
d maps
Traffic
jam
reduction
Smart
Environment
Comfortable
homes/offic
es
Industrial
plants
Environm
ental
pollution
Energy
efficiency
monitorin
g
Healthcare
Tracking
Identification
,
authenticatio
n
Data
collection
Sensing
Personal
and social
Social
networkin
g
Thefts
Historical
queries
Losses
Futuristic
Robot taxi
City
informatio
n model
Enhanced
game
room
Weather &
water systems
Weather
condition
Water
quality
Water
leakage
Water
level
Water
contaminatio
n
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10 Major IoT Applications
1.IoT in Smart Homes
2.Smart City
3.Smart Healthcare
4.Smart Farming
5.Smart Wearables
6.Smart Cars
7.Smart Grids
8.Industrial Internet (IIoT)
9.IoT Smart Retail Shops
10.Smart Traffic management
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Top 10 IoT Applications in 2023
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IoT in Smart Home
Smart Home
Automation Will
Change the Way We
Live!
• What is Smart
Home?
• What are definition,
functions, benefits,
and more.
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IoT based Smart Home
• An IoT (Internet of Things) based smart home is a home that is equipped with a network
of interconnected devices that can communicate with each other and with the internet.
These devices can be controlled remotely using a smartphone or other device and can
be programmed to perform a variety of tasks such as controlling the lighting, heating,
and cooling, as well as security and other household functions.
• Smart home devices can be connected to the internet via a variety of methods, such as
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or a dedicated hub that connects to the internet via an Ethernet cable.
Some examples of smart home devices include smart thermostats, smart lights, smart
plugs, smart locks, smart security cameras, and smart appliances such as washing
machines, dryers, and refrigerators.
• By using an app or other interface, homeowners can control and monitor their smart
home devices from anywhere, if they have an internet connection. This can provide
convenience, energy savings, and added security.
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Smart Home Definition
• A smart home refers to a convenient home setup where appliances and
devices can be automatically controlled remotely from anywhere with an
internet connection using a mobile or other networked device.
• Devices in a smart home are interconnected through the internet,
allowing the user to control functions such as security access to the
home, temperature, lighting, and a home theater remotely.
• Smart homes can be set up through wireless or hardwired systems.
• Smart home technology provides homeowners with convenience and cost
savings.
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IoT in Smart Home
• Smart Home Automation
• Smart home automation refers to the use of technology to control and
automate various tasks and functions in the home. This can include
things like turning lights on and off, adjusting the temperature of the
thermostat, controlling appliances, and managing security systems.
• Smart home automation can be achieved using smart home devices,
which are connected to the internet and can be controlled remotely
using a smartphone or other device. These devices can be
programmed to perform certain tasks automatically, or they can be
controlled manually using an app or other interface.
• Smart home automation can also make it easier for homeowners to
control and monitor their home from anywhere, if they have an
internet connection.
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IoT in Smart Home
• Smart Buildings
• A smart building is a building that is equipped with a network of
interconnected devices that can communicate with each other and with the
internet. These devices can be used to control and automate various
functions within the building, such as lighting, heating and cooling, security,
and access control.
• Smart buildings often use sensors and other types of monitoring technology
to collect data about the building’s environment, such as temperature,
humidity, and air quality. This data can be used to optimize the building’s
performance and energy efficiency, as well as to improve the comfort and
safety of the people who use the building.
• Smart buildings can also use technology to improve communication and
collaboration among building occupants, such as through the use of video
conferencing or other types of online collaboration tools. By using these
technologies, smart buildings can improve productivity, reduce costs, and
enhance the overall user experience.
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Cisco Skills For All
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IoT in Smart Home
• Smart Home Sensors
• Smart homes can be equipped with motion sensors, water
sensors, light sensors, doorbell sensors, and temperature
sensors.
• There can be sensors in traffic lights, transport trucks,
parking garages, security cameras, trains, and planes.
• All these sensors and measuring devices collect and
transmit their data.
• The data can be stored and analyzed later, or it can be
analyzed immediately to be used to modify computers,
mobile devices, or processes of any sort.
• How is the stored and analyzed data used?
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SMART home sensors communication through the internet of things.
(http://www.nibib.nih.gov/sites/default/files/SMART-HOUSE_2_DCook ).
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IoT in Smart Home
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IoT in Smart Home
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The global smart home market
• The global Smart
Home Security
market size is
projected to reach
USD 1432.1 million
by 2026, from USD
667.2 million in 2019,
at a CAGR of 11.4%
during 2021-2026.
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Home Automation Using the Internet of Things (IoT)
• The technology that is required to build a home automation platform
includes:
• Hardware, software, protocols, sensors, architectures, gateways,
and platforms for running the applications like:
• Lighting control, HVAC, Lawn/Gardening, management, Smart Home
Appliances, Improved Home safety and security, Home air quality and
water quality monitoring, Natural Language-based voice assistants,
Better Infotainment delivery, AI-driven digital experiences, Smart
Switches, Smart Locks and Smart Energy Meters
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Homes
• Some Advantages:
1. Convenience: Smart homes allow homeowners to control and monitor their home from anywhere, if
they have an internet connection. This can make it easier to manage tasks and functions such as
turning lights on and off, adjusting the thermostat, and controlling appliances.
2. Energy efficiency: Smart home devices can be programmed to turn off or adjust the use of energy-
consuming appliances when they are not needed, which can help to reduce energy costs.
3. Security: Smart home security systems can alert homeowners to any unusual activity and allow them
to monitor their home remotely using security cameras.
4. Comfort: Smart thermostats can be programmed to adjust the temperature in the home to maintain a
comfortable environment.
5. Increased value: Smart homes can be more attractive to potential buyers or renters, as they offer a
range of modern conveniences and technologies.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Homes
• Some Disadvantages
1.Cost: The initial cost of setting up a smart home can be significant, as it involves
purchasing and installing a variety of devices.
2.Complexity: Some people may find it challenging to set up and use smart home
devices, especially if they are not familiar with technology.
3.Dependence on technology: Smart homes rely on technology, which means that they
can be vulnerable to technical problems or malfunctions.
4.Privacy concerns: Some people may be concerned about the privacy implications of
having their home constantly monitored by sensors and devices.
5.Cybersecurity risks: Smart homes are connected to the internet, which means they
are vulnerable to cyber attacks. It is important to take steps to secure smart home
devices and protect against these threats.
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Video: Smart Home Tour
• How to start a SMART HOME in 2022 (15 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTpkECCNAPg
• How to start or expand your smart home in 2022, what devices you need, how the Matter standard impacts you,
and see how we automate our own smart home.
• Smart Home Tour: Fully Automated! (17 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLkASaFQPkc
• My smart home has a LOT of home automation, but what’s even better is you can set this all up yourself. Let me
show you around!
• AWS IoT for the Connected Home (2 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FerZ0KvlP7g
• As the use of connected home devices continue to grow, more and more data is being pushed to the cloud,
where the latest IoT and machine learning technologies are enabling new innovations in connected home
applications. AWS IoT helps connected home device manufacturers easily, quickly, and securely build
differentiated connected home products at scale.
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Smart City
Smart City
Automation Will
Change the Way
We Live!
• What is Smart City?
• What are definition,
functions, benefits,
and more.
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IoT based Smart City
• An IoT (Internet of Things) based smart city is a city that is equipped with a network of
interconnected devices that can communicate with each other and with the internet. These devices
can be used to collect and analyze data about the city and its operations and can be used to control
and automate various functions within the city, such as traffic management, public transportation,
energy consumption, and public safety.
• Smart city devices can be connected to the internet via a variety of methods, such as Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, or a dedicated hub that connects to the internet via an Ethernet cable. Some examples of
smart city devices include sensors that monitor traffic flow, air quality, and water usage; smart
streetlights that can be dimmed or turned off when they are not needed; and smart parking systems
that help drivers find available parking spaces.
• By using this technology, cities can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their operations,
reduce costs, and improve the quality of life for their citizens. Smart cities can also use data analytics
to identify patterns and trends, and to make data-driven decisions about how to allocate resources
and address issues.
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Smart City Definition
• A smart city is a city that uses technology and data analytics to improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of its operations, and to enhance the quality of
life for its citizens.
• A smart city uses information and communication technology (ICT) to improve
operational efficiency, share information with the public and provide a better
quality of government service and citizen welfare.
• The main goal of a smart city is to optimize city functions and promote
economic growth while also improving the quality of life for citizens by using
smart technologies and data analysis.
• Smart cities are designed to be more efficient, sustainable, and livable, and to
provide citizens with better access to services and amenities.
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Example of Smart City
• There are many examples of smart cities around the world. Some of
the most well-known include:
1.Singapore: Singapore is often cited as one of the most advanced smart cities in the
world. The city-state has invested heavily in technology and data analytics to improve
the efficiency and effectiveness of its operations, and to enhance the quality of life for
its citizens. Some examples of smart city initiatives in Singapore include a network of
sensors that monitor traffic flow and air quality, and a smart transportation system that
uses data analytics to optimize the routing of buses and taxis.
2.Barcelona: Barcelona has implemented a range of smart city initiatives to improve the
efficiency and sustainability of its operations. These include a network of sensors that
monitor air quality, noise levels, and energy consumption, and a smart transportation
system that uses data analytics to optimize the routing of public transportation.
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Example of Smart City
3. Songdo, South Korea: Songdo is a purpose-built smart city that was designed from the
ground up to be sustainable, efficient, and livable. The city is equipped with a range of smart
city technologies, including a network of sensors that monitor traffic flow, air quality, and
water usage, and a smart transportation system that uses data analytics to optimize the
routing of buses and taxis.
4- Amsterdam: Amsterdam has implemented a range of smart city initiatives to improve the
efficiency and sustainability of its operations. These include a network of sensors that
monitor air quality, noise levels, and energy consumption, and a smart transportation system
that uses data analytics to optimize the routing of public transportation.
5. San Diego: San Diego has implemented a range of smart city initiatives to improve the
efficiency and sustainability of its operations. These include a network of sensors that
monitor traffic flow, air quality, and water usage, and a smart transportation system that uses
data analytics to optimize the routing of public transportation.
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Example of Smart City
• Smart City functions
• Example 1: Smart Cities, such as Barcelona, Spain, use sensors to control many of
their infrastructure systems such as traffic flow, parking, water utilization, and
hydro
• Example 2: Weight sensors in parking spaces allow drivers to quickly know where
there is an available parking spot.
• This reduces driving and idling time for the driver and lowers carbon emissions for
the environment.
• Example 3: Sensors on traffic lights can detect traffic congestion.
• This data is sent to the computer system that collects data and make decisions.
• The new decisions are sent to actuators that modify red versus green light times to
assist the flow of traffic.
• This also alleviates idling but also reduces driver frustration and accidents.
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Example
• Smart Cities, such as Barcelona, Spain, use sensors to control
many of their infrastructure systems such as traffic flow,
parking, water utilization, and hydro.
• Example 1: Weight sensors in parking spaces allow drivers to
quickly know where there is an available parking spot. This
reduces driving and idling time for the driver and lowers carbon
emissions for the environment.
• Example 2: Sensors on traffic lights can detect traffic
congestion. This data is sent to the computer system that
collects data and make decisions.
• The new decisions are sent to actuators that modify red versus
green light times to assist the flow of traffic.
• This also alleviates idling but also reduces driver frustration and
accidents.
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The global smart Cities market
• The global Smart
Cities Market size to
grow from USD
457.0 billion in 2021
to USD 873.7 billion
by 2026, at a
Compound Annual
Growth Rate (CAGR)
of 13.8% during the
forecast period.
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Top 5 Smart City in 2022
• According to Technavio,
the global smart city
market size is projected to
grow by USD 288.7
billion from 2022 to 2027.
• The market is estimated to
grow at a CAGR of 24.53%
during the forecast period.
Moreover, the growth
momentum will accelerate.
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Smart City Application Examples
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Sample Smart Cities Projects
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History of Smart Cities
• The concept of smart cities began as far back as the 1960s and 1970s when the US
Community Analysis Bureau began using databases, aerial photography and cluster
analysis to collect data, direct resources and issue reports in order to direct services,
mitigate against disasters and reduce poverty.
• This led to the creation of the first generation of smart cities.
• The first generation of smart city was delivered by technology providers to
understand the implications of technology on daily life.
• This led to the second generation of smart city, which looked at how smart
technologies and other innovations could create joined-up municipal solutions.
• The third generation of smart city took the control away from technology providers
and city leaders, instead creating a model that involved the public and enabled social
inclusion and community engagement.
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Smart City Technologies
• Smart city technologies refer to a range of technologies and solutions that are used to
improve the quality of life and efficiency of urban areas.
• These technologies can be used in various sectors, such as transportation, energy,
healthcare, public safety, and environmental management, to name a few. Some
examples of smart city technologies include:
1.Intelligent transportation systems: These technologies are used to improve the
efficiency and safety of transportation networks, such as traffic management
systems, public transportation systems, and electric vehicle charging stations.
2.Energy management systems: These technologies are used to optimize the use of
energy in urban areas, such as smart grids and energy-efficient lighting systems.
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Smart City Technologies
3. Healthcare systems: These technologies are used to improve the delivery of
healthcare services in urban areas, such as telemedicine and electronic health
records.
4. Public safety systems: These technologies are used to improve public safety
in urban areas, such as surveillance cameras, emergency notification systems,
and crime prediction software.
5. Environmental management systems: These technologies are used to
improve the management of natural resources and the environment in urban
areas, such as air quality monitoring systems and waste management systems.
• Overall, the goal of smart city technologies is to make urban areas more
livable, efficient, and sustainable.
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How Smart Cities Work
• Smart cities follow four steps to improve the quality of life and enable
economic growth through a network of connected IoT devices and other
technologies. These steps are as follows:
• 1. Collection – Smart sensors gather real-time data
• 2. Analysis – The data is analyzed to gain insights into the operation of city
services and operations
• 3. Communication – The results of the data analysis are communicated to
decision makers
• 4. Action – Action is taken to improve operations, manage assets and improve
the quality of city life for the residents
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Why Smart Cities Are Important
• 54% of the world’s population live in cities and this is expected to
rise to 66% by 2050, adding a further 2.5 billion people to the
urban population over the next three decades.
• With this expected population growth there comes a need to
manage environmental, social and economic sustainability of
resources.
• Smart cities allow citizens and local government authorities to
work together to launch initiatives and use smart technologies to
manage assets and resources in the growing urban environment.
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Smart City Challenges
• Implementing smart city technologies can present a range of challenges, including:
1.Funding: One of the main challenges of implementing smart city technologies is the
cost. These technologies can be expensive to develop and deploy and finding the
necessary funding can be a challenge.
2.Integration: Another challenge is integrating different smart city technologies and
systems so that they work together effectively. This can be especially challenging if
different technologies are developed by different vendors or use different protocols
and standards.
3.Data privacy: Smart city technologies often rely on the collection and analysis of large
amounts of data, which raises concerns about data privacy and security. Ensuring
that data is collected, stored, and used in a way that respects the privacy of
individuals is important.
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Smart City Challenges
4.Cybersecurity: Smart city technologies can also be vulnerable to cyber attacks, which
can disrupt critical infrastructure and services. Ensuring the security of these
technologies is therefore important.
5.Public acceptance: The implementation of smart city technologies can also be
challenging if it is not well-received by the public. It is important to involve the public in
the planning and implementation of these technologies to ensure that they are accepted
and used effectively.
6.Governance: Another challenge is establishing effective governance frameworks for
the planning, implementation, and operation of smart city technologies. This includes
ensuring that there is a clear and transparent process for decision-making, as well as
establishing clear roles and responsibilities for different stakeholders.
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Smart City Challenges
• More challenges
• Smart city projects need to be transparent and available to citizens via an open data portal
or mobile app.
• This allows residents to engage with the data and complete personal tasks like paying bills, finding
efficient transportation options and assessing energy consumption in the home.
• This all requires a solid and secure system of data collection and storage to prevent hacking or misuse.
Smart city data also needs to be anonymized to prevent privacy issues from arising.
• The largest challenge is quite probably that of connectivity, with thousands or even
millions of IoT devices needing to connect and work in unison.
• This will allow services to be joined up and ongoing improvements to be made as demand increases.
• Technology aside, smart cities also need to account for social factors that provide a
cultural fabric that is attractive to residents and offer a sense of place.
• This is particularly important for those cities that are being created from the ground up and need to
attract residents.
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Are Smart City Secure?
• Smart city technologies can be vulnerable to security threats, such as cyber attacks, data breaches, and
physical attacks on infrastructure. Ensuring the security of these technologies is therefore important. There
are several steps that can be taken to improve the security of smart city technologies, including:
1. Implementing strong cybersecurity measures: This can include measures such as encryption, secure
authentication protocols, and regular software updates to address vulnerabilities.
2. Ensuring the physical security of infrastructure: This can include measures such as perimeter security,
surveillance cameras, and physical barriers to protect against unauthorized access or tampering.
3. Implementing data privacy safeguards: This can include measures such as data minimization, de-
identification, and secure storage and transmission of data to protect against data breaches and
unauthorized access.
4. Establishing governance frameworks: It is important to establish clear roles and responsibilities for
different stakeholders and to have a clear and transparent process for decision-making to ensure that smart
city technologies are used effectively and securely.
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Are Smart City Secure?
• Overall, while smart city technologies have the potential to bring many benefits, it is important to
ensure that they are implemented and used in a way that is secure and respects the privacy of
individuals.
• Smart cities offer plenty of benefits to improve citizen safety, such as connected surveillance
systems, intelligent roadways and public safety monitoring, but what about protecting the smart
cities themselves?
• There is a need to ensure smart cities are protected from cyber attacks, hacking and data theft while
also making sure the data that is reported is accurate.
• In order to manage the security of smart cities there is a need to implement measures such as
physical data vaults, resilient authentication management and ID solutions.
• Citizens need to trust the security of smart cities which means government, private sector
enterprise, software developers, device manufacturers, energy providers and network service
managers need to work together to deliver integrated solutions with core security objectives.
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Are Smart City Secure?
• These core security objectives can be broken down as follows:
1. Availability – Data needs to be available in real time with reliable access in order to make sure it
performs it function in monitoring the various parts of the smart city infrastructure
2. Integrity – The data must not only be readily available, but it must also be accurate. This also means
safeguarding against manipulation from outside
3. Confidentiality – Sensitive data needs to be kept confidential and safe from unauthorized access. This
may mean the use of firewalls or the anonymizing of data
4. Accountability – System users need to be accountable for their actions and interaction with sensitive
data systems. Users’ logs should record who is accessing the information to ensure accountability
should there be any problems
• Legislation is already being put in place in different nations, such as the IoT Cybersecurity
Improvement Act in the United States to help determine and establish minimum security
requirements for connected devices in smart cities.
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Video: Smart City
• Smart Cities: Improving Mobility, Access and Safety with Sensor Technology (6 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NylvPFqEmtg
• How can cities meet the needs of millions more people? Today city planners and
companies are working together to develop the biggest technological innovation yet – the
smart city. In this video learn what a smart city is, how sensors are important to developing
smart city infrastructure, and the importance of integrating data into that infrastructure.
Hear from experts in the field and see examples of powerful smart city applications.
• How Smart are Smart Cities? (12 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bRs_SZ0pUY
• Smart cities are meant to improve the lives of city dwellers. But these systems require
huge amounts of data to work. How is this data collected? And what are the potential
pitfalls?
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Smart Healthcare
Smart Healthcare
Automation Will
Change the Way
We Live!
• What is Smart
Healthcare?
• What are definition,
functions, benefits,
and more.
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IoT is Transforming the Healthcare Industry
51
• Healthcare is about to change
beyond recognition.
• The need to collect, store, and
analyze patient data has driven the
healthcare industry to embrace
various trending digital
technologies.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cloud ComputingArtificial Intelligence (AI)
Wearables to track health vitals
Smart Hospitals
Mobile Healthcare (mHealth)
Real-time monitoring
Better patient experience Cost Reduction
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IoT based Smart Healthcare
• Internet of Things based smart healthcare refers to the use of internet-connected devices and
sensors to monitor and manage healthcare data and processes. These devices and sensors can be
used to track various health-related metrics, such as physical activity, heart rate, blood pressure, and
sleep patterns, as well as to administer medication and monitor patient vital signs.
• IoT based smart healthcare systems can help improve the quality and efficiency of healthcare
delivery by enabling real-time monitoring and analysis of patient data, and by enabling healthcare
professionals to remotely access and manage patient care. They can also help to reduce the cost of
healthcare by automating certain processes and reducing the need for in-person visits.
• Some examples of IoT based smart healthcare applications include wearable devices that track and
monitor vital signs, remote patient monitoring systems that allow healthcare professionals to
remotely monitor the health of patients, and smart pill bottles that alert patients when it is time to
take their medication.
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Definition of Smart Healthcare
• Smart healthcare, also known as digital healthcare
or eHealth, refers to the use of digital technologies
and data to improve the delivery and quality of
healthcare services.
• Smart healthcare can be defined as an integration
of patients and doctors onto a common platform for
intelligent health monitoring by analyzing day-to-
day human activities.
• Smart healthcare is an open, standards-based
technology IoT-based platform that enables
innovators to create apps that seamlessly and
securely run across the healthcare system.
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Smart healthcare Market
• Smart healthcare products are a tool that incorporates advanced
technologies to provide patients with improved treatment and enhance
the quality of life.
• Some of the most popular kinds of smart health care items are smart
pills, smart syringes, smart insulin pens, connected inhalers, asthma
monitors, electronic health care, etc.
• They have reliable patient-related data and assist physicians to
properly handle their patients.
• The growth of this market is driven by rising chronic illnesses such as
diabetes, cancer, heart disease, etc.
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The global Smart Healthcare Market
• According to Precedence
Research, the global smart
healthcare market size is
predicted to hit around US$
482.25 billion by 2027, growing at
a CAGR of 17.97%.
• The global smart healthcare
market size was estimated at USD
153.6 billion in 2021 and is
expected to witness a compound
annual growth rate (CAGR) of
13.3% from 2022 to 2030.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT base Smart Healthcare
• Advantages:
1.Improved patient care: IoT based smart healthcare systems can enable real-time
monitoring and analysis of patient data, allowing healthcare professionals to quickly
identify and address potential issues. They can also enable remote patient monitoring,
allowing healthcare professionals to remotely monitor the health of patients and provide
care without the need for in-person visits.
2.Increased efficiency: Smart healthcare systems can help to automate certain processes,
such as appointment scheduling and prescription refill requests, which can help to reduce
the workload of healthcare professionals and improve the efficiency of healthcare
delivery.
3.Improved patient engagement: IoT based smart healthcare systems can help to empower
patients by providing them with access to their own health data and enabling them to be
more involved in their own care.
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Advantages of IoT smart Healthcare
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Advantages of IoT smart Healthcare
• More advantages:
• Traditional healthcare is unable to accommodate everyone’s needs due to the tremendous increase in population.
• Despite having excellent infrastructure, and cutting-edge technologies, medical services are not approachable or
affordable to everyone.
• One of the goals of smart healthcare is to help users by educating them about their medical status and keeping them
health-aware.
• Smart healthcare empowers users to self-manage some emergency situations.
• It provides an emphasis on improving the quality and experience of the user.
• Smart healthcare helps in utilizing available resources to their maximum potential.
• It aids remote monitoring of patients and helps in reducing the cost of the treatment for the user.
• It also helps medical practitioners to extend their services without any geographical barriers.
• With an increasing trend towards smart cities, an effective smart healthcare system assures a healthy living for its
citizens.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT base Smart Healthcare
• Disadvantages:
1.Privacy and security concerns: The use of IoT based systems in healthcare can raise
concerns about the privacy and security of sensitive patient data. It is important to ensure
that appropriate measures are in place to protect patient privacy and secure data.
2.Dependency on technology: IoT based smart healthcare systems rely on technology, which
can be vulnerable to malfunctions and outages. This can potentially impact the delivery of
healthcare services if systems are not functioning properly.
3.Potential for discrimination: There is a risk that data collected through IoT based smart
healthcare systems could be used to discriminate against certain groups of people, such
as those with pre-existing conditions. It is important to ensure that data is used ethically
and fairly.
4.Cost: Implementing and maintaining IoT based smart healthcare systems can be
expensive, which may be a barrier for some healthcare organizations.
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What are smart medical devices?
• Smart medical devices are medical devices that are
connected to the internet and can collect, transmit, and
analyze data. They can be used to monitor and manage
various aspects of healthcare, including patient vital signs,
medication administration, and diagnosis and treatment of
diseases.
• Equipped with wireless IoT technology able to monitor and
transmit critical data in real time, a smart medical
device links doctors with patients at home or enroute to the
hospital.
• These devices provide patients a high level of mobility and
healthcare providers the ability to remotely monitor patient
status.
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Some examples of smart medical devices
1.Wearable devices: These are devices that can be worn on the body and track various
health-related metrics, such as heart rate, physical activity, and sleep patterns. Examples
include fitness trackers and smartwatches.
2.Remote patient monitoring systems: These are devices that allow healthcare professionals
to remotely monitor the health of patients. They can be used to track vital signs and other
health metrics, and to alert healthcare professionals to potential issues.
3.Smart inhalers: These are inhalers that are equipped with sensors and connected to the
internet. They can track when the inhaler is used and provide data to healthcare
professionals to help them monitor and manage the patient’s condition.
4.Smart pill bottles: These are bottles that contain medication and are equipped with
sensors and connected to the internet. They can track when the medication is taken and
alert the patient if a dose is missed.
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Healthcare IoT devices
• Healthcare IoT devices allow medical professionals to collect data on the condition of
patients without the risks that come with bringing large numbers of potentially
infectious people together in proximity.
• Beyond pandemic response use cases, though, they also allow doctors to potentially
examine, diagnose and treat larger numbers of patients, as well as expand healthcare
to regions where physical access to doctors or hospitals is difficult due to remoteness
or difficulty of access.
• Smart medical devices can help to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
healthcare delivery by enabling real-time monitoring and analysis of patient data, and
by enabling healthcare professionals to remotely access and manage patient care.
They can also help to reduce the cost of healthcare by automating certain processes
and reducing the need for in-person visits.
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IoT Applications in Healthcare
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IoT Applications in Healthcare
• There are many potential applications of IoT (Internet of Things) in healthcare, including:
1.Wearable devices: These are devices that can be worn on the body and track various
health-related metrics, such as heart rate, physical activity, and sleep patterns. Examples
include fitness trackers and smartwatches.
2.Remote patient monitoring systems: These are devices that allow healthcare professionals
to remotely monitor the health of patients. They can be used to track vital signs and other
health metrics, and to alert healthcare professionals to potential issues.
3.Smart inhalers: These are inhalers that are equipped with sensors and connected to the
internet. They can track when the inhaler is used and provide data to healthcare
professionals to help them monitor and manage the patient’s condition.
4.Smart pill bottles: These are bottles that contain medication and are equipped with
sensors and connected to the internet. They can track when the medication is taken and
alert the patient if a dose is missed.
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5 IoT Applications in Healthcare
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IoT Applications in Healthcare
5.Medical devices: Many medical devices, such as pacemakers, insulin pumps, and dialysis
machines, can be connected to the internet and equipped with sensors to enable real-time
monitoring and analysis of patient data.
6.Electronic health records: Electronic health records (EHRs) are digital versions of a
patient’s medical history and records. They can be accessed and updated remotely using IoT
devices, which can help to improve the efficiency and accuracy of healthcare delivery.
7.Telemedicine: IoT devices can be used to facilitate remote consultations between patients
and healthcare professionals, allowing patients to receive care from the comfort of their own
homes.
8.Healthcare analytics: IoT devices can generate large amounts of data that can be used to
identify trends and patterns in healthcare. This data can be used to inform research and
development, as well as to improve the delivery of healthcare services.
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Smart healthcare Systems classification
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Smart healthcare Systems classification
• There are several ways that smart healthcare systems can be classified:
1. By type of technology: Smart healthcare systems can be classified based on the types of technology
that they use, such as electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, wearable devices, or medical
devices.
2. By level of integration: Smart healthcare systems can be classified based on the extent to which they
are integrated into healthcare delivery, such as at the patient, healthcare provider, or healthcare
system level.
3. By type of data: Smart healthcare systems can be classified based on the types of data that they
collect and analyze, such as patient medical records, vital signs, or genomics data.
4. By type of application: Smart healthcare systems can be classified based on the specific applications
that they are used for, such as disease management, population health management, or precision
medicine.
5. By type of service: Smart healthcare systems can be classified based on the types of services that
they provide, such as diagnostic services, treatment services, or preventative care services.
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Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
• The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) refers to the
use of internet-connected devices and sensors to
collect, transmit, and analyze healthcare data. It is a
subset of the larger Internet of Things (IoT) and
includes a wide range of medical devices and
technologies that are used in the healthcare
industry.
• The use of IoMT can help to improve the efficiency
and effectiveness of healthcare delivery by enabling
real-time monitoring and analysis of patient data,
and by enabling healthcare professionals to remotely
access and manage patient care. It can also help to
reduce the cost of healthcare by automating certain
processes and reducing the need for in-person visits.
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Some examples of IoMT devices and technologies
1. Wearable devices: These are devices that can be worn on the body and track various health-related metrics,
such as heart rate, physical activity, and sleep patterns. Examples include fitness trackers and
smartwatches.
2. Remote patient monitoring systems: These are devices that allow healthcare professionals to remotely
monitor the health of patients. They can be used to track vital signs and other health metrics, and to alert
healthcare professionals to potential issues.
3. Smart inhalers: These are inhalers that are equipped with sensors and connected to the internet. They can
track when the inhaler is used and provide data to healthcare professionals to help them monitor and
manage the patient’s condition.
4. Smart pill bottles: These are bottles that contain medication and are equipped with sensors and connected
to the internet. They can track when the medication is taken and alert the patient if a dose is missed.
5. Medical devices: Many medical devices, such as pacemakers, insulin pumps, and dialysis machines, can be
connected to the internet and equipped with sensors to enable real-time monitoring and analysis of patient
data.
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Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) Market
• IoMT’s impact on the
healthcare market is
undeniable and irreversible.
• The global internet of medical
things (IoMT) market was
valued at US$ 39.3 billion in
2020 and is expected to reach
over US$ 172.4 billion by 2030,
growing at a CAGR of
15.9% from 2021 to 2030.
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What is the difference between IoT and IoMT?
• IoT refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other
objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to
enable them to collect and exchange data.
• Similarly, IoMT is a subset of IoT that refers specifically to the use of
connected devices in the healthcare industry.
• They differ from general IoT not just in terms of usage, but also in design.
• IoT is often more consumer-focused, designed to provide maximum
convenience and usability.
• IoMT devices include a range of medical devices, such as wearable fitness
trackers, smart pills, and smart medical equipment, that are used to monitor
and manage patient health. IoMT devices can also include non-medical
devices, such as smartphones and smart watches, that are used for health-
related purposes, such as tracking physical activity or monitoring vital signs.
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Smart Farming
Smart Farming
Automation Will
Change the Way We
Live!
• What is Smart Farming?
• What are definition,
functions, benefits, and
more.
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IOT Transforming The Future Of Agriculture
• With the exponential growth of world population, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the
world will need to produce 70% more food in 2050, shrinking agricultural lands, and depletion of finite natural
resources, the need to enhance farm yield has become critical.
• Limited availability of natural resources such as fresh water and arable land along with slowing yield trends in
several staple crops, have further aggravated the problem.
• Another impeding concern over the farming industry is the shifting structure of agricultural workforce. Moreover,
agricultural labor in most of the countries has declined.
• As a result of the declining agricultural workforce, adoption of internet connectivity solutions in farming practices
has been triggered, to reduce the need for manual labor.
• IoT solutions are focused on helping farmers close the supply demand gap, by ensuring high yields, profitability,
and protection of the environment.
• The approach of using IoT technology to ensure optimum application of resources to achieve high crop yields and
reduce operational costs is called precision agriculture.
• IoT in agriculture technologies comprise specialized equipment, wireless connectivity, software and IT services.
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IoT based Smart Farming
• IoT (Internet of Things) based smart farming refers to the use of IoT technology to improve
the efficiency and productivity of farming operations. This can involve the use of sensors,
smart devices, and other IoT technologies to monitor and control various aspects of the
farming process, such as irrigation, temperature, humidity, and soil quality.
• One example of an IoT based smart farming solution is the use of sensors to monitor soil
moisture levels and automatically control irrigation systems to provide the optimal amount
of water for crops. This can help to reduce water waste and improve crop yield.
• Other examples of IoT based smart farming solutions include the use of smart devices to
monitor and control temperature and humidity in greenhouses, the use of sensors to track
the location and movement of livestock, and the use of drones or other aerial vehicles to
collect data on crop health and soil conditions.
• Overall, the use of IoT technology in farming can help to increase efficiency, reduce costs,
and improve the sustainability of farming operations.
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IoT basd Smart Farming
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Definition of Smart Farming
• “Smart farming” is an emerging concept that refers to managing
farms using technologies like IoT, robotics, drones and AI to
increase the quantity and quality of products while optimizing the
human labor required by production.
• Many believe that IoT can add value to all areas of farming, from
growing crops to forestry.
• While there are several ways that IoT can improve farming, two of
the major ways IoT can revolutionize agriculture are precision
farming and farming automation.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT Smart Farming
• There are several advantages to using IoT technology in smart farming, including:
1.Increased efficiency: Smart farming solutions can help to optimize various aspects of
the farming process, such as irrigation and pest control, leading to increased efficiency
and productivity.
2.Improved crop yield: By using sensors and other IoT devices to monitor soil
conditions, weather patterns, and other factors that impact crop health, farmers can
take more informed decisions to improve crop yield.
3.Reduced costs: Smart farming solutions can help to reduce costs by optimizing
resource usage, such as water and fertilizer, and by reducing the need for labor.
4.Improved sustainability: The use of IoT technology in farming can help to reduce
resource waste and increase the sustainability of farming operations.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT Smart Farming
• There are some potential Disadvantages when using IoT based smart farming, including:
1.Initial costs: Implementing IoT technology in farming can be expensive, especially for small
farmers who may not have the resources to invest in the necessary equipment.
2.Dependence on technology: Smart farming solutions can be vulnerable to technical
failures or cyber attacks, which could disrupt operations and lead to losses.
3.Data privacy: The use of IoT technology in farming can generate large amounts of data,
which raises concerns about data privacy and security.
4.Lack of standardization: There is currently a lack of standardization in the IoT industry,
which can make it difficult for farmers to choose the right products and ensure
interoperability between different devices.
5.Regulatory challenges: There may be regulatory challenges to overcome when
implementing IoT technology in farming, depending on the country or region.
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The global Smart Farming Market Size
• The global smart
agriculture market size
was estimated at US$
18.12 billion in 2021 and
it is expected to hit US$
43.37 billion by 2030 with
a registered CAGR of
10.2% from 2022 to 2030.
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Smart Farming Technology
• Smart farming technology refers to the use of advanced technologies, such as
sensors, drones, and robotics, to improve the efficiency, productivity, and
sustainability of farming operations. Some examples of smart farming technology
include:
1.Sensors: Sensors can be used to monitor various aspects of the farming process,
such as soil moisture levels, temperature, humidity, and air quality. This data can be
used to optimize irrigation, pest control, and other farming practices.
2.Drones: Drones equipped with sensors and cameras can be used to collect data on
crop health, soil conditions, and other factors that impact farming operations. Drones
can also be used to spray crops with pesticides or fertilizers.
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Smart Farming Technology
3.Robotics: Robotics technology is being developed for a range of farming tasks, such as planting
seeds, weeding, and harvesting crops. The use of robotics can help to reduce labor costs and
increase efficiency.
4.Precision agriculture: Precision agriculture involves the use of GPS and other technologies to
precisely control farming operations, such as fertilization and irrigation, based on real-time data
and analysis. This can help to optimize resource usage and improve crop yield.
5. Vertical farming: Vertical farming involves growing crops in a controlled environment, using
hydroponics or other methods, to optimize conditions for plant growth. This can be done in urban
or other land-limited areas and can increase the efficiency and sustainability of farming
operations.
• Overall, the use of smart farming technology can help to increase the efficiency, productivity,
and sustainability of farming operations, while also reducing costs and increasing the
competitiveness of the agriculture industry.
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Smart Farming Technology
• Sensors: soil, water, light, humidity,
temperature management
• Software: specialized software solutions
that target specific farm types or
applications agnostic IoT platforms
• Connectivity: cellular, LoRa
• Location: GPS, Satellite
• Robotics: Autonomous tractors,
processing facilities
• Data analytics: standalone analytics
solutions, data pipelines for downstream
solutions
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IoT in Smart Farming Applications
• Some examples of IoT smart farming applications include:
1. Smart irrigation: IoT sensors can be used to monitor soil moisture levels and
automatically control irrigation systems to provide the optimal amount of water for
crops. This can help to reduce water waste and improve crop yield.
2. Crop monitoring: IoT sensors and drones can be used to collect data on crop
health, soil conditions, and other factors that impact farming operations. This data
can be used to optimize fertilization, pest control, and other farming practices.
3. Livestock tracking: IoT sensors can be used to track the location and movement of
livestock, allowing farmers to monitor the health and well-being of their animals in
real-time.
4. Greenhouse monitoring: Smart devices can be used to monitor and control
temperature and humidity in greenhouses, optimizing conditions for plant growth.
5. Supply chain management: IoT sensors and RFID (radio-frequency identification)
tags can be used to track the movement of goods in the agriculture supply chain,
improving efficiency and reducing waste.
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Video: Smart Farming
• What is IoT and what does it mean for farmers? (3 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOLAIVUs9S8
• This video to help explain what the Internet of Things (IoT) is and what it means for farmers.
• Smart Farming: How Robots and AI Can Help Us with Farming (13 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfCEQgx4d-4
• The world’s population is growing steadily and efficient agriculture is becoming increasingly
important. That’s why a lot of research is being done on smart farming. Smart farming means
agriculture supported by robots, autonomous systems and AI.
• IoT Smart Agriculture Monitoring & Automatic Irrigation System using ESP8266 (10 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl4qblr5dlo
• In this video, we will make an IoT-based smart agriculture monitoring & automatic irrigation system
using ESP8266 NodeMCU and Blynk IoT Cloud.
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Smart Farming Communication Technologies
• Smart farming relies on a variety of communication technologies to enable the
exchange of data and information between different devices, sensors, and
systems. Some examples of the types of communication technologies that
might be used in a smart farming system include:
1.Wireless networking: Smart farming systems often use wireless networking
technologies, such as WiFi or cellular networks, to allow devices and sensors
to communicate with one another and with central servers or cloud-based
systems.
2.Radio frequency (RF) communication: RF communication is commonly used in
smart farming systems to allow devices to communicate over short distances,
such as between sensors and control systems in a single field or greenhouse.
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Smart Farming Communication Technologies
3.Satellite communication: In some cases, smart farming systems may use satellite
communication technologies to allow devices to communicate in remote or hard-to-reach
locations.
4.Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication technology that is often used in
smart farming systems to allow devices to communicate with one another and with smartphones
or other handheld devices.
5.Internet of Things (IoT) protocols: IoT protocols, such as MQTT and CoAP, are used to enable
communication between different devices and systems in a smart farming system.
• Overall, the communication technology used in a smart farming system will depend on the
specific requirements of the farm and the devices and systems being used. It is important to
choose communication technologies that are reliable, secure, and able to handle the data and
communication needs of the system.
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Smart Wearable
Smart
Wearable Will
Change the
Way We do
sport!
What is Smart
Wearable?
Definition,
functions,
benefits, and
more.
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IoT based Smart Wearable
• IoT-based smart wearables are devices that are worn on the body and are connected
to the internet through the Internet of Things (IoT). These devices can sense, collect,
and transmit data about the wearer’s activities, environment, and health, and can
often be controlled and accessed through a smartphone or other device. Some
examples of IoT-based smart wearables include:
1.Fitness trackers: These devices are worn on the wrist or waist and track the wearer’s
physical activity, sleep patterns, and other health metrics. They can often be synced
with smartphone apps to allow users to view and analyze their data.
2.Smartwatches: Smartwatches are wearable devices that can function as both fitness
trackers and smart phones. They can display notifications, run apps, and track the
wearer’s activity and health metrics.
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IoT based Smart Wearable
3.Smart glasses: These devices are worn on the head and can display
information in the wearer’s field of view. They can be used for a variety of
applications, such as augmented reality, navigation, and hands-free
communication.
4.Smart clothing: Smart clothing is clothing that includes embedded sensors
and other technology to monitor the wearer’s activity and environment.
Examples include shirts that track heart rate and posture, and socks that track
foot movement and prevent blisters.
• Overall, IoT-based smart wearables offer a convenient way for users to track
and monitor their health and activity and can be a useful tool for improving
wellness and productivity.
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Definition of Smart Wearables
• Smart wearables are devices that are worn on the body
and have computing and connectivity capabilities. They
are designed to provide users with various features and
functions, such as tracking fitness and health metrics,
receiving notifications, and interacting with other
devices.
• Wearables is a hot topic in the market, it covers wide
range of purposes ranging from medical, wellness to
fitness.
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Smart Wearable Market
• The shipment volume of
smart wearables globally
stood at 266.3 million
units in 2020, and it is
projected to reach 776.23
million units by 2026,
registering a CAGR of
19.48% during the period
of 2021-2026.
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Advantages and Disadvantages IoT based smart Wearable
• IoT-based smart wearables offer several advantages, including:
1.Convenience: Smart wearables are designed to be worn on the body, which makes them
convenient to use and access throughout the day. They can often be controlled and
accessed through a smartphone or other device, making it easy to track and monitor
activity and health metrics.
2.Improved wellness: Smart wearables can track a wide range of health metrics, such as
heart rate, sleep patterns, and physical activity, which can help users to improve their
overall wellness and fitness.
3.Increased productivity: Smart wearables can provide notifications and alerts and can run
apps and other tools that can help users to be more productive and efficient.
4.Enhanced safety: Some smart wearables, such as those that track location and activity,
can provide an extra layer of safety and security, particularly in cases where the wearer
may be isolated or at risk.
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Advantages and Disadvantages IoT based smart Wearable
• Disadvantages are conceded as:
1.Cost: Some smart wearables can be expensive, particularly those that include
advanced features and technology.
2.Privacy concerns: Smart wearables can collect a lot of personal data about the
wearer, which can raise concerns about privacy and data security.
3.Dependence on technology: Smart wearables can be convenient and helpful, but they
also rely on technology, which means that they can be vulnerable to technical
problems or malfunctions.
4.Limited battery life: Many smart wearables have limited battery life, which can be
inconvenient if they need to be charged frequently.
• Overall, it is important to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of IoT-based smart
wearables carefully before deciding whether to use them.
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Sample Smart Wearable Devices
• Watches.
• Fitness trackers.
• Hearables.
• Smart clothing.
• Glasses.
• Smart jewelry.
• Wearable cameras.
• Body sensors.
• Others
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Wearable Technology in Healthcare
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Smart Wearable in Sport and Fitness
• Smart wearables have become increasingly popular in the sports and fitness industry, as they
provide users with a convenient way to track and monitor their physical activity and performance.
These devices often have sensors that can measure metrics such as steps taken, distance
traveled, heart rate, and calories burned, and they may also offer features such as GPS tracking,
training plans, and personalized coaching.
• Smart wearables can be used by athletes and fitness enthusiasts to set and track goals, monitor
progress, and improve their performance. They can also be used by trainers and coaches to help
their clients track their workouts and progress, and to provide personalized feedback and
guidance.
• In addition to fitness tracking, some smart wearables also offer other features that can be useful
for sports and fitness activities. For example, some devices have water resistance, which makes
them suitable for use in aquatic activities, and others have features such as music playback or
contactless payment capabilities that can be convenient during workouts or other physical
activities.
• Overall, smart wearables have become an important tool for athletes, fitness enthusiasts, and
trainers, as they provide a convenient and effective way to track and monitor physical activity and
performance.
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Future of Wearable Technology
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• There are many potential developments and innovations that could
shape the future of wearable technology. Some examples of these
could include:
1. Enhanced functionality: As wearable technology becomes more
advanced; it is likely that the features and functions available on these
devices will also become more sophisticated. For example, we may
see the development of smart wearables that can monitor and track a
wider range of health metrics, such as sleep quality, heart rate
variability, and stress levels.
2. Improved design: Wearable technology has come a long way in terms
of design, but there is still room for improvement. In the future, we
may see wearables that are more stylish, comfortable, and versatile,
making them more appealing to a wider range of users.
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Future of Wearable Technology
99
1. Increased integration with other devices: One of the key benefits of wearable
technology is its ability to connect with and interact with other devices. In the
future, we may see a greater level of integration between wearables and other
technologies, such as smart home systems, automobiles, and virtual and
augmented reality devices.
2. Enhanced security and privacy: As wearables become more prevalent and
collect more data, it will be important for manufacturers to prioritize security
and privacy. In the future, we may see the development of new technologies
and protocols to help ensure the safety and confidentiality of data collected by
wearable devices.
3. Greater adoption in the healthcare industry: Wearable technology has the
potential to revolutionize the way healthcare is delivered, by providing doctors
and other healthcare professionals with real-time data about their patients’
health. In the future, we may see a wider adoption of wearables in the
healthcare industry, as these devices become more accurate and reliable.
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Wearable Technology and Metaverse
• The metaverse is a term used to describe a shared virtual space that can be
accessed through the internet, where users can interact with each other and
with virtual objects and environments in real time. Wearable technology has
the potential to play a significant role in the development and evolution of the
metaverse.
• One potential application of wearable technology in the metaverse is in the
form of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) devices. These devices,
which are worn on the head or body, allow users to experience immersive
virtual environments and to interact with them in a way that feels natural and
intuitive. Wearable VR and AR devices could be used to access and explore
virtual worlds within the metaverse, allowing users to experience new forms
of entertainment, social interaction, and education.
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Wearable Technology and Metaverse
• Another way that wearable technology could be used in the metaverse
is using sensors and other types of wearable devices that allow users
to interact with virtual objects and environments in a more realistic and
immersive way.
• For example, a user might wear gloves that allow them to touch and
manipulate virtual objects as if they were real or use a wearable device
to control their movement and actions within the virtual world.
• Overall, wearable technology has the potential to enhance the user
experience in the metaverse by enabling more immersive and
interactive forms of interaction with virtual environments and objects.
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Video: Smart Wearable
• The Future of Tech is Wearables (8 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCvwPAZx_o0
• Wearable NFTs anyone? Fashion marketplaces selling looks
for the Metaverse (5 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRqjnM2yv-s
• Would you pay tens of thousands of bucks to buy clothes that
you could never wear in real life?
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Smart Car
What is
Smart Car?
Definition,
functions,
benefits,
and more.
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Smart Car
• Connected to various media technologies such as
smart phones or navigation systems,
automobiles today are transforming into so-
called ‘smart cars’.
• Smart cars are not just mechanical devices, but
information media systems.
• The smart car is a prosthesis that assists the
driver, enhancing the original function of the car,
and provides a new place environment to the
driver by composing a hybrid space where
information space and actual space are fused. T
104https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/168509/1/Lee-Kim
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What is a Smart Car?
• Also known as intelligent
cars, smart cars are
vehicles that are equipped
with system-driven forms of
artificial intelligence.
• The underlying concept of
the smart car is to free the
driver from many of the
mundane tasks associated
with driving, making the act
of driving more pleasant.
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Self-driven Cars
• Self-driving cars are revolutionizing transportation.
• The cars are equipped with many ultrasound sensors, cameras,
precision GPSs, and computers.
• The combination of the on-board equipment allows the
computers to identify, other cars, lanes, pedestrians, and
obstructions.
• This information allows the car to stay in its lane, stop when
required, and weave around obstructions.
• Some of the manufacturers in the “autonomous car” market are
Tesla Motors, General Motors, Volvo, and Mercedes-Benz.
• Corporations such as Waymo, Google’s sibling, and Uber are
also designing and testing the technology.
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Self-driven Cars
• The road to complete autonomy using this
technology is complicated.
• There have been many high-profile crashes and
some serious accidents involving self-driving cars.
• Some states within the USA have already approved
limited use of self-driving cars but researchers
believe it will be a few years before the technology
becomes mainstream.
• Once the technology is proven, what is next? Self-
driving trucks? Airplanes? Trains?
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Self-driven Cars
• We’ve seen a lot about self-driven cars. Google tried it out, Tesla tested it, and
even Uber produced a version of self-driven cars that it later shelved.
• Since it’s human lives on the roads that we’re dealing with, we need to ensure
the technology has all that it takes to ensure better safety for the passenger
and those on the roads.
• The cars use several sensors and embedded systems connected to the Cloud
and the internet to keep generating data and sending them to the Cloud for
informed decision-making through Machine Learning.
• Though it will take a few more years for the technology to evolve completely
and for countries to amend laws and policies, what we’re witnessing right now
is one of the best applications of IoT.
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Self-driven Cars
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Video: Self Driving Cars
• How Do Self-Driving Cars Actually Work? (10 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMH8dk9b3yA
• Tesla has just launched its new self-driving semi truck, and other companies like Google and Volvo are hot on their tails in the self-driving automobile industry. But how do
these cars actually work?
• How Does Tesla’s Autopilot Work? (9 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECmG0nNJE98
• Top 6 Autonomous Vehicles & Companies to watch in 2021-2022 (11 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdFi3RToOBk
• Self-driving technology is the next big thing?
• As the development of self-driving cars progresses at a rapid clip, numerous companies have stated their intentions to market and sell autonomous automobiles.
• Apple, recently announced that it would be producing a self-driving car for consumers by 2024.
• Amazon acquired the start up Zoox recently.
• Many companies are working on developing self-driving cars, software and hardware for autonomous vehicles of all types.
• But some are further along in terms of real-world testing and practical experience than others. Here are the top 6 startups/companies in autonomous driving technology.
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Smart Grid
What is
Smart Grid?
Definition,
functions,
benefits,
and more.
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Smart Grid
• One of the many useful IoT
examples, a smart grid, is a
holistic solution that applies
an extensive range of
Information Technology
resources that enable existing
and new gridlines to reduce
electricity waste and cost.
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What Is the Smart Grid?
• A smart grid is an electricity network based on digital technology that is used to
supply electricity to consumers via two-way digital communication.
• This system allows for monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the
supply chain to help improve efficiency, reduce energy consumption and cost, and
maximize the transparency and reliability of the energy supply chain.
• The technologies that make today’s IoT-enabled energy grid “smart” include wireless
devices such as sensors, radio modules, gateways and routers.
• These devices provide the sophisticated connectivity and communications that
empower consumers to make better energy usage decisions, allow cities to save
electricity and expense, and enables power authorities to more quickly restore power
after a blackout.
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The global Smart Grid Market size
• According to
Precedence Research,
the smart grid market
size is projected to be
worth around US$
162.4 billion by 2030
and expanding growth
at a CAGR of 18.2%
from 2021 to 2030.
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Benefits of Smart Grid
• Smart grid technology can be expressed in a single sentence: a new
electric grid with two-way communication.
• Smart Grid Enables Renewable and efficient Energy Generation
• Real time Billing information, Better Predictions, more Reliable power
• Smart grid is resilient, efficient and green which is good environment
• The Smart Grid as the Backbone of the Modern Smart City
• Wireless technology will replace thousands of miles of cable that would
have been needed to advance the smart grid to where it is today.
• Working with smart devices and smart home
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Benefits of Smart Grid
• Creating smart job opportunities
• Reduce fuel costs
• The smart grid is the IoT that attends to energy systems.
• Utility companies use smart grid technologies to find energy
efficiencies through various means, including monitoring energy
consumption, predicting energy shortages and power outages, and
gathering data on how different individuals and companies use energy.
• The average individual can also use insights from the smart grid to
assess their own energy use and find efficiencies in their household.
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Why Smart Grid
• The growing trend today is for municipalities to move toward smart grid
technologies for a range of reasons.
• Need to improve energy usage,
• Provide better customer service to their citizens,
• Prepare for disasters and upgrade aging technology that is expensive to
maintain
• As well, advances in technology have made wireless, both cellular and RF
(radio frequency), affordable and easy to use in smart grid applications.
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Why Smart Grid
• According to Scientific American there are 200,000 miles of high
voltage transmission lines in the United States that collectively carry
more than one million megawatts of electricity.
• The problem for the U.S. is that a lot of this infrastructure was built in
the twentieth century in a multi-billion-dollar project conceived and
executed largely before the invention of the Internet, and certainly
before cellular (and RF technologies) technology emerged as a viable
replacement of expensive cable.
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How Smart Cities Are Adopting Smart Grid Technology
• Smart city applications include everything from smart city lighting, energy
management and intelligent traffic management to water treatment and wastewater
management.
• Sensors in traffic lights can send information back to a central authority for decision
making.
• With intelligent traffic systems, both surface traffic and public transportation can be
managed with routing and traffic lighting to improve or eliminate congestion.
• IoT sensors in streetlights can also adjust off and on timing and brightness according
to real time conditions.
• Sensors can also send out an alert if a light needs servicing.
• No need to wait for a call from an angry customer complaining about streetlights
being out.
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Application of Smart Grid
• fault protection, outage
management, dynamic
control of voltage, weather
data integration, centralized
capacitor bank control,
distribution and substation
automation, advanced
sensing, automated feeder
reconfiguration.
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Videos for Smart Grid
• The Future of Energy: Smart Grid and the Industrial IoT (4 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0ZQc3tJCwQ
• The power grid is changing. With the proliferation of renewable generation
technologies and drive to improve demand response, the grid’s current
architecture must change to realize the promise of the IIoT.
• The Smart Grid Explained – An Understanding for Everyone
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4L31dHXP6i0
EPCE, the Energy Providers Coalition for Education (www.epceonline.org)
with Common Craft present this video intended to provide a simple
explanation of what smart grid does, is capable of and why it’s important.
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Industrial IoT (IIoT)
What is
Industrial
IoT (IIoT)?
Definition,
functions,
benefits,
and more.
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What is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
• The industrial internet of things (IIoT) refers to the extension and
use of the internet of things (IoT) in industrial sectors and
applications.
• With a strong focus on machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication, big data, and machine learning, the IIoT enables
industries and enterprises to have better efficiency and reliability in
their operations.
• The IIoT encompasses industrial applications, including robotics,
medical devices, and software-defined production processes.
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Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) market size worldwide
• The global market for
industrial Internet of
Things (IIoT) was sized at
over 263 billion U.S. dollars
in 2021. The market is
expected to grow in size in
the coming years, reaching
some 1.11 trillion U.S.
dollars by 2028.
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Application of IIoT
• IIoT can be used to monitor and
control the heating, lighting, energy
consumption, fire protection,
employee safety and many other
systems for multiple buildings from
a central location.
• The real-time machine data can be
transferred to a central cloud
application, using industrial
communication networks.
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Use of IIoT by industrial companies
• ABB: Smart robotics
• Airbus: Factory of the Future
• Amazon: Reinventing warehousing
• Boeing: Using IoT to drive manufacturing efficiency
• Bosch: Track and trace innovator
• Caterpillar: An IIoT pioneer
• Fanuc: Helping to minimize downtime in factories
• Gehring: A pioneer in connected manufacturing
• Hitachi: An integrated IIoT approach
• John Deere: Self-driving tractors and more
• John Deere: Self-driving tractors and more
• Shell: Smart oil field innovator
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Benefits of IIoT
• Increase productivity and uptime.
• Improve process efficiencies.
• Accelerate innovation.
• Reduce asset downtime.
• Enhance operational efficiency.
• Create end-to-end operational visibility.
• Improve product quality.
• Reduce operating costs.
• Predictive Maintenance.
• Quality Control.
• Safer Operating Environment for Workers. …
• Inventory/Supply Chain Management.
• Process Optimization.
• Customer Satisfaction.
• AI Supercharging IIoT.
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Manufactures are using (IIoT)
• For supply chain to delivery
• For organized view of production,
• For process and product data,
• For big data analytics and predictive modeling,
• For prevent defects and downtime,
• For maximize equipment performance,
• For cut warranty costs,
• For boost production yield and enhance the customer experience.
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What is difference between IoT and IIoT?
• They both connect devices to the internet
and make them smarter.
• The difference is that IoT works to make
consumers live more convenient and
easier, where IIoT works to increase
safety and efficiency on production
facilities.
• IoT is B2C (business-to-consumer) and
IIoT is B2B (business-to-business).
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Security considerations and challenges of IIoT
• Many security problems associated with the IIoT stem from a lack of basic
security measures in place.
• With IIoT implementations, three areas need to be focused on: availability,
scalability, and security.
• Security, however, is where many can stumble when integrating the IIoT into
their operations.
• Manufacturers should bIIoT adopters have responsibility of securing the setup
and use of their connected devices, but device manufacturers have the
obligation of protecting their consumers when they roll out their products.
• e able to ensure the security of the users and provide preventive measures or
remediation when security issues arise.
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IIoT – The 4th Industrial Revolution
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Video: IIoT
• What is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)? (9 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmbUJEShA-8
• IIoT vs Digital Transformation vs Industry 4.0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-ALemUcgsU
• We get this question so often that we decided to make a video
to explain what is IIoT? What is Industry 4.0? And what is
Digital Transformation? And how do they relate!
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IoT Smart Retail Shop
What is IoT
Smart retail
shop?
Definition,
functions,
benefits,
and more.
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What is smart retail in IoT?
• In the future, data gathered in
stores has unlimited potential in
helping retailers improve
operational efficiency, better
understand their customers and
deliver personalized experiences:
dynamic pricing, personalized
offers and customized products and
services.
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Applications of IoT technology for Retail
• The installation of WiFi trackers in commercial spaces allows you to collect and record the unique signal that each phone sends in
the search for WiFi network and use that information to track the customer through an area and build a profile around their buying
habits.
• For example, we can collect:
• Time that customers smartphone has waited on the checkout line
• What time customer came in
• What time customer left
• Doors used by customers
• Areas of the store visited by customers
• Customer stay time in each area
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Meshlium Scanner
Small Tracker
Medium Tracker
Carbon Dioxide Monitor
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IoT in retail industry
• The use of IoT in retail industry is tightly connected to GPS and RFID
technologies that help brands track products through the entire supply chain
process.
• It gives retailers the visibility they need to monitor product movement,
conditions and track location as well as predict a precise delivery time.
• Amazon.com alone made an incredible leap from an average of 2 billion
monthly visitors in 2019 to 2.3 billion in 2020 and a record 2.8 billion in
February 2021.
• Today’s technology has the capability to break the wall between brand,
product, and customer. Many brands have already started turning to IoT in
retail which is expected to grow to $94.44 billion through 2025.
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IoT Market in Retail Applications
• NEW YORK, Feb. 21, 2022 /PRNewswire/ —
• The Internet of Things (IoT) market in retail applications
is expected to grow by USD 44.80 bn from 2021 to 2026,
according to Technavio.
• However, the growth momentum of the market will
decelerate at a CAGR of 16.48%.
• Technavio analyzes the market by technology (RFID,
sensors, NFC, cloud services, and others) and
geography (APAC, North America, Europe, MEA,
and South America).
137
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/internet-of-things-iot-market-in-retail-applications-to-grow-by-usd-44-80-bn–technavio-301485763.html
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Advantages of using IoT in Retail
• Reduce inventory costs.
• Improve customer satisfaction.
• Automate your inventory control.
• Facilitate inventory control.
• Keep track of your margins.
• Improve your forecasting.
• Adopt a just-in-time relationship with suppliers.
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The role of Internet of Things in retail industry
• The concept of IoT opens a wide range of opportunities in many fields, including
transportation, healthcare, workplace, and retail.
• These two most common applications of IoT in retail sector give a general idea of how
this technology can be used in this space:
• Data gathering and sharing. Using sensors, retail IoT devices, products and
environments can collect important data on an entire product and shopping lifecycle.
After this data is processed and analyzed, it is transformed into valuable insights that
help retail managers make informed decisions and improve retail experience and
operations
• Acting based on collected data. IoT-enabled machines and connected stores can be
partially or fully automated to drive efficiency, sustainability and resilience to retail
operations and processes.
139
https://www.digiteum.com/internet-of-things-retail-industry/#:~:text=The%20use%20of%20IoT%20in,predict%20a%20precise%20delivery%20time.
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Retail Applications
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IoT Retail Shops
• If you haven’t already seen the video of Amazon, Go – the concept store from the
eCommerce giant, you should check it out right away. Perhaps this is the best use of
the technology in bridging the gap between an online store and a retail store.
• The retail store allows you to go cashless by deducting money from your Amazon
wallet.
• It also adds items to your cart in real-time when you pick products from the shelves.
• If you change your mind and pick up another article, the previous one gets deleted
and replaces your cart with the new item.
• The best part of the concept store is that there is no cashier to bill your products.
• You don’t have to stand in line but just step out after you pick up your products from
shelves. If this technology is effective enough to fetch more patronage, this is sure to
become a norm in the coming years.
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Customer experience optimization with IoT
• Personalized communications based on IoT-collected data
• Target uses IoT-based beacons to collect user data and send
hyper-personalized content.
• A visitor can download a Target mobile app for iOS and Android
and get product recommendations corresponding to the
department they are shopping in.
• The system of notifications operates like a newsfeed, where all
content is sorted by relevance based on the part of the store the
user’s exploring.
• This way, Target successfully shifts the focus to the customer,
manages to communicate with in-store visitors more efficiently,
and cuts the idle browsing time.
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Customer experience optimization with IoT
• Optimizing product usage
• Rolls Royce uses the Internet of Things to improve
the maintenance of its aircraft engines.
• The brand collects data about the state of an engine
on a daily basis and alerts clients as soon as there’s
a need for active maintenance.
• This way, end-users can avoid damage while the
brand receives important information on product
usage to further improve design and performance.
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Customer experience optimization with IoT
• Monitor and predict in-store wait times
• Disney World has introduced its first IoT-
enabled wearable MagicBand to provide
guests with better service, manage lines,
automate payment and guest management,
etc.
• Today’s MagicBand offers guests a wide range
of features for exciting immersive experiences
around Disney World and soon also in
Disneyland.
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Customer experience optimization with IoT
• Using wearables for loyalty programs
• Wearable technology has been a known success for fitness and healthcare.
• However, wearable IoT application in retail is not limited to tracking location
data.
• In fact, retail companies can benefit from using wearables in many different
ways, for example, to identify loyal clients and provide extra services.
• Hotels use wristbands to identify premium guests and offer bonuses and
discount programs for their stay.
• Wristbands are a non-invasive way to offer a loyalty program and say ‘thank
you’ to those who have supported the brand for a long time.
145https://www.digiteum.com/internet-of-things-retail-industry/#:~:text=The%20use%20of%20IoT%20in,predict%20a%20precise%20delivery%20time.
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Customer experience optimization with IoT
• Keep the customer updated on the product
delivery status
• ParceLive is a shipment tracking service that
allows users to monitor parcels in real-time.
• The company tracks deliveries with built-in GPS
trackers and collects data on shipping speed,
conditions and location.
• Using the data from a combination of sensors, the
company can even alert clients if their package
was dropped or potentially damaged.
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Future Retail Shopping
• Innovations like the Internet of Things (IoT), AI and robotics are
transforming our world in endlessly inventive ways.
• One sector experiencing a massive impact from this tech is
retail – IoT features, and functions are endlessly evolving to
meet the shifting demands of the next generations of shoppers.
• The future of retail will feature a high level of online penetration.
• The best suppliers will establish direct-to-consumer
relationships, where retailers will no longer serve as the
gatekeeper to the customer.
• Walmart Metaverse Shopping envisions a more complicated
online shopping experience is an example for future retail
shops!
147https://firedome.io/blog/retail-revolution-the-future-of-iot-for-shoppers/
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The future of retail is on the Internet of Things
148https://retailapp.com/the-future-of-retail-is-in-the-internet-of-things/
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Video: IoT Smart Retail Shop
• Amazon Go – SNL (3 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS9U3Gc832Y
• A commercial advertises a new grab-and-go shopping experience.
• An Inside Look At How Amazon Go Works (10 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qo89Ed-PYQ8
• An Inside Look At How Amazon Go Works In this video, we break down An Inside Look At How
Amazon Go Works.
• This is how Walmart envisions Shopping in the Metaverse! (3 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6UYGwPaLf8
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IoT Smart Traffic Management
What is IoT
Smart Traffic
Management?
Definition,
functions,
benefits, and
more.
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How IoT is used in traffic management?
• Sensors installed in key locations
may collect data on high-traffic
crossings and areas where cars
are diverted using IoT technology.
• Big data may be used to further
analyze this information and
determine alternate routes, as well
as improve traffic signals to
reduce congestion.
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U.S. smart Traffic Management System Market
• The global intelligent
traffic management
system market size was
valued at USD 9.70 billion
in 2021 and is expected to
expand at a compound
annual growth rate (CAGR)
of 13.1% from 2022 to
2030.
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Benefits IoT for Traffic Management
• Enhance Customer Experience.
• Improved Safety.
• Operational Performance.
• Environmental Improvements.
• Traffic Management.
• Toll and Ticketing.
• Connected Cars.
• Vehicle Tracking Systems.
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How is the Internet of things being used in Traffic
management?
• One of the most significant infrastructure challenges faced by emerging
countries today is traffic management.
• Developed nations and smart cities are already taking advantage of IoT to
reduce traffic congestion.
• Smart traffic management, includes elements such as smart parking sensors,
smart lighting, smart roads, and smart accident aid, among others.
• Managing Traffic Lights
• Management and Prevention of Road – Accidents
• Cameras and Sensors
• Parking with Insight
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Video: Smart Traffic Management
• AI Based IoT Road Safety and Traffic Management (6 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UekJZEaw9Ec
• Vehicle tracking and traffic data collection are of great significance with applications
in intelligent traffic management, law enforcement, road infrastructure development
as well as intelligent cities.
• Smart Traffic Management System Using Internet of Things (2 min student project)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiVn1a2yTEE
• We are presenting an innovation project for the betterment of our existing traffic
regulation and surveillance system. The project will watch the traffic density and
according to that it will operate the signals.
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More IoT Applications
• IoT Sensors
• IoT Data Analytics
• IoT Tracking and Monitoring System
• IoT Connected Factory
• IoT Supply Chain Management
• IoT in Transportation
• IoT – Advanced Advertising
• IoT Water/ Waste Management
• IoT in Education
• IoT Identity Protection
• IoT in Banking
• IoT in Government
• IoT in Defense
• IoT Environmental
• IoT Law Enforcement
• IoT Asst tracking
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Conclusion
• The above applications of the Internet of Things give us only a partial picture
of the enormous potential of this technology.
• Creating smart connected systems in home, city, health, farms and other
areas provides a great many benefits for citizens around the world, not only to
improve quality of life, but also to ensure sustainability and the best possible
use of resources.
• The quality of smart applications are dependent on a unified approach from
government as well as the private sector and users themselves.
• With the correct support and infrastructure, however, smart applications can
use advances such as the Internet of Things to enhance the lives of residents
and create joined-up living solutions for the growing global relationship.
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References/Video Clips
Cisco Skills For All
• The 5G Revolution: The Internet of Things Meets Everything: How 5G technology is enabling the revolution
and where it’s headed next.
• http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/pages/iot-meets-
everything.html?cid=PS_02_35_07_00_01_16_01&mkwid=D86thBjn
• Redefining Mobility: The Internet of Things Meets Cars: Connected cars open up new opportunities to reduce
traffic and make transportation more efficient.
• http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/pages/iot-meets-cars.html
• The Connected Consumer: The Internet of Things Meets Retail: The Internet of Things will empower shoppers
and force companies to provide better products, services and experiences in what will extend a golden
age for consumer choice.
• http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/pages/iot-meets-retail.html
• Mobile Medicine: The Internet of Things Meets Health: Healthcare system welcomes the Internet of Things. it
has the potential to totally change the way US healthcare works.
• http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/pages/iot-meets-health.html
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References/Video Clips
• The 5 Biggest Internet Of Things (IoT) Trends In 2022: A lot of things are happening on the
Internet of Things (IoT) world. In 2022, we will see an ever-growing number of devices
become smart and connected. Here are some of the trends that will reshape the IoT space
over the next year.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzxA_ue00r0&t=37s
• THE FUTURE OF IOT: Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things – What to Expect in 2022:
We’re all surrounded by smart devices – the internet of things. And now we have artificial
intelligence to make them smarter than ever before! With this technology changing so
many industries, it’s important that we understand what AI is and how it works.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1Kjm9X4V5w&t=318s
• What You Need to Know About Bill Gates’ Smart City in Belmont, Arizona
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6I3xghv2zY
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160
Questions: Midterm for INST560
Instructor:
Midterm Exam 20% of overall grade
Class:
INST560
– Internet of Things Winter 2023 – UoNA
Due by: 11:55 PM EST on Saturday FEB 4, 2023.
Your Name: Miguel Eduardo Palacios Morataya
Please note:
Midterm exam is a piece of academic task for this class. It provides an opportunity for students to learn, practice and demonstrate they have achieved their learning goals. It provides evidence for the teacher that the students have achieved their goals.
This is an important exam with a 20% overall grade! You are not allowed to receive help from anyone to complete this assignment. Also, you are not allowed to directly copy and paste your answers from any other source including from the Internet as that is a violation of the school policy and is considered cheating and will result in receiving a grade of zero for the assignment.
Instructions:
· Midterm covers Lectures 1 to 5 and documents posted on Moodle.
· You must work on this file!
Please return this file to me via Moodle as soon as you it. (don’t convert to pdf or another format).
· Add your name on the top of this page and rename this file as INST560Mid_
yourname, then submit it on Moodle (
Important:
you will lose 5 points if you do not follow the rules).
· If you think a question is unclear, mark what you think is the best answer. As always, I will consider written regrade requests if your interpretation of a question differs from what I intended.
|
Your Answers Sheet for Part 1 Set on letter A, B, C, D or F and T for correct answer in table |
||||
|
1 |
11 |
21 |
31 |
|
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2 |
12 |
22 |
32 |
|
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3 |
13 |
23 |
33 |
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|
4 |
14 |
24 |
34 |
|
|
5 |
15 |
25 |
35 |
|
|
6 |
16 |
26 |
36 |
|
|
7 |
17 |
27 |
37 |
|
|
8 |
18 |
28 |
38 |
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9 |
19 |
29 |
39 |
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10 |
20 |
30 |
40 |
Part 1 (80 points):
1.
One of the IoT Security challenges is low-power connectivity solution to implement new security technologies, this is an area where cellular IoT is particularly valuable.
a.
True b. False
2.
The most popular option for solution to IoT Coverage challenge now is:
a.
Wi-Fi
b.
Satellite
c.
Cellular
d.
Sigfox
3.
IoT Bandwidth availability Challenge is related to thousands of connected devices in relatively proximity. As we continue adding billions of new devices, the RF spectrum will grow increasingly crowded. Signal interference and the availability of bandwidth are something manufacturers need to be aware of.
a.
True b. False
4.
Which one is NOT the main IoT challenge?
a.
Installation
b.
Connectivity
c.
Security
d.
Power consumption
5.
Embedded system involves a complex system which may consist of multiple sensors, actuators, protocols, data management layer and more.
a.
True b. False
6.
Gateways can preprocess data from the sensors before sending it to the cloud, in other words, they maximized the large volumes of data ‘sensed’ in the previous stage.
a.
True b. False
7.
Main purpose of IoT solutions is to provide and act on past information, there needs to be a component that can handle enormous amounts of data to cater to the time-sensitive nature of the IoT model, this is where cloud systems come into play.
a.
True b. False
8.
How IoT Work: First, sensors or devices collect data from their environment. Next, that data is sent to the cloud. Once the data gets to the cloud, hardware performs processing on it. Next, the information is made useful to the end-user in some way.
a.
True b. False
9.
Which of the following is not an actuator in IoT?
a) Stepper motor
b) A fan
c) An LED
d) Arduino
10.
Which of the following isn’t among of the core techniques that Artificial intelligence (AI) uses.
a.
Machine Learning,
b.
Deep Learning,
c.
Smart Vision
d.
Computer Vision
11.
Getting value from big data in IoT requires
a.
big data analytics
b.
big data storages
c.
big company to handle.
d.
None of above
12.
What is IoT? (Which of the following is correct).
a.
It’s just a marketing team for the Internet.
b.
A network of physical objects embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity.
c.
A collection of websites
d.
A series of physical “things” embedded with electronics.
13.
The huge numbers of devices connected to the Internet of things have to communicate automatically, not via humans. What is this called? (Which of the following is correct)
a.
Machine to Machine (M2M)
b.
Bot to Bot (B2B)
c.
Skynet
d.
Internet of Things
14.
The Internet of Things puts high
demands
on data management for
a.
Big data streaming from sensors
b.
Small data streaming from sensors
c.
Big data streaming from networks
d.
Small data streaming from Internet
15.
The IoT market has made oversize by: ……….
a.
Growing potential of the related Technologies
b.
Growing potential in various applications
c.
Growing use by industries
d.
All the above
16.
Growing use of advanced analytics due to amazing volumes of data from connected devices are related to: ………. (Which of the following is wrong)
a.
Machine learning
b.
Internet
c.
Artificial intelligent
d.
Innovative knowledges
17.
Two IoT-based services applications are projected to form the biggest economic impact in year 2025, they are: ……
a.
Banking and securities
b.
Government and utilities
c.
Healthcare and manufacturing
d.
Real state and agriculture
18.
Major Advantages of IoT in the business world are: ……….
a.
Gain efficiency.
b.
Employ intelligence from equipment.
c.
Enhance operations and boost customer satisfaction.
d.
All the above
19.
Three main advantages of IoT that will impact every business are including: ………
a.
Communication, cost savings and people
b.
Communication, cost savings and control
c.
Communication, workers, and control
d.
Sensors, cost savings and control
20.
Which of the following isn’t among the 4 key concepts of IoT? ………
a.
TRANSFORMATIONAL POTENTIAL
b.
CLOUD COMPUTING
c.
ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
d.
CONNECTIVITY MODELS
21.
IoT implementations use different technical communications models, each with its own characteristics. common communications models described by the Internet Architecture Board include: (which of the following is wrong) …….
a.
Device-to-Internet
b.
Device-to-Cloud
c.
Device-to-Gateway
d.
Back-End Data-Sharing
22.
Three major challenges facing IoT are: (which of the following is Correct) ….
a.
Internet, Business and Security
b.
Technology, Cost and Skill
c.
Technology, Business and Society
d.
Skill, Business and Security
23.
IoT hardware may be contained: (which of the following is wrong) …….
a.
Cloud
b.
Raspberry Pi
c.
Sensor
d.
Gateway
24.
The more important shift in IoT security will come from the fact: (which of the following is wrong) …….
a.
That IoT will become more ingrained in our lives.
b.
That IoT will become more embedded in our educations,
c.
Concerns will no longer be limited to the protection of sensitive information and assets.
d.
Our very lives and health can become the target of IoT hack attacks,
25.
One of the most important IoT connectivity challenge is: ………
a.
Connecting so many devices
b.
Connecting so many people
c.
Connecting so many clouds
d.
Connecting so many gateways
26.
When IoT networks grow to join billions and hundreds of billions of devices, what will be major problem? ………
a.
Cloud systems will turn into a bottleneck,
b.
Decentralized systems will turn into a bottleneck,
c.
Centralized systems will turn into a bottleneck,
d.
Computational systems will turn into a bottleneck,
27.
IoT connectivity challenge is important, such systems with large amounts of information exchange will require: (which of the following is Correct) ….
a.
Huge investments
b.
Maintaining cloud servers that can handle such, and
c.
Entire systems can go down if the server becomes unavailable,
d.
All the above
28.
The future of IoT will very much have to depend on …….
a.
Decentralizing IoT networks
b.
Centralizing IoT networks
c.
G5 based IoT networks,
d.
Cloud networks
29.
IoT technology standards include: (which of the following is Correct) …….
a.
Network protocols,
b.
communication protocols
c.
Internet protocol
d.
A and b
30.
Why is standardization important with the IoT? ………
a.
To lower the price of products and make them affordable for the public,
b.
To ensure that products and networks can communicate with each other over the same protocols,
c.
To ensure all vendors create sustainable and long-lasting products,
d.
This is a trick question – there are hundreds of standards and that’s fine,
31.
What is the last stage in IoT implementation? …….
a.
Is getting data for servers,
b.
Is extracting insights from data for analysis,
c.
Is obtaining data from cloud,
d.
Is separating data for users,
32.
The design of the IoT is requires the understanding of embedded: …….
a.
Skill, software, Things, network, and data processing
b.
Internet, Hardware, sensors, gateways, and data analyses
c.
Electronics, software, sensors, network, and data analytics
d.
Electronics, protocol, hardware, network, and data analytics
33.
How it works-step by step: (Which one is correct?) ……
a.
First Step: Sensor Data goes toward the Gateway,
b.
Second Step: Data from Gateway goes to the Cloud,
c.
Third Step: From the Cloud this Data can be forwarded to sensor,
d.
a and b correct
34.
How it works-step by step: (Which one is correct?) ……
a.
First Step: Sensor Data goes toward the Actuator,
b.
Second Step: Data from Gateway goes to the Cloud,
c.
Third Step: From the Cloud this Data can be forwarded to sensor,
d.
Fourth step: From User to sensor
35.
Which of the following sentences is correct? ……
a.
Sensor computing will be a major part of IoT, especially by making all the connected devices work together.
b.
Sensor networking will be a major part of IoT, especially by making all the connected devices work together.
c.
Cloud computing will be a major part of IoT, especially by making all the connected devices work together.
d.
Local computing will be a major part of IoT, especially by making all the connected devices work together.
36.
The Major Communication Layers in IoT Simple schematic are: …….
a.
Device to Device (D2D) Communication Layer
b.
Device to Server (D2S) Communication Layer
c.
Server to Server (S2S) Communication Layer
d.
All the above
37.
What means by IoMT: …….
a.
Internet of Medical Things
b.
Internet of Molecular Things
c.
Internet of Material Things
d.
Internet of Manufacturing Things
38.
IoT Applications Domain in Health involve: (which of the following is Wrong) ….
a.
Tracking
b.
Saving time
c.
Data collection
d.
Sensing
39.
Manufactures are using (IIoT): (which of the following is Wrong) …….
a.
For supply chain to delivery
b.
For competition with other manufactures,
c.
For process and product data,
d.
For big data analytics and predictive modeling
40.
Manufactures are using (IIoT): (which of the following is Wrong) …….
a.
For prevent defects and downtime,
b.
For maximize equipment performance,
c.
For equipment’s costs,
d.
For boost production yield and enhance the customer experience.
Part 2 (20 points): Questions: Based on the given link in each question, write your answer (50-100 words) from the given link.
Q1: Why power consumption is one of the most critical issues when designing IoT devices. Give 3 reasons.
Ans: See link https://www.tektelic.com/expertise/top-3-iot-challenges-that-needed-to-be-addressed/
Q2: How does IoT influence the development of smart cities?
Ans: See Link https://www.upgrad.com/blog/iot-interview-questions-answers-beginners-experienced/
Add your name on the top of this page and rename this file as CYBR501Mid_
yourname, then submit it on Moodle (Important:
you will lose 5 points if you do not follow the rules).
/
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INST
56
0, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 4: Winter
20
23
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
aliakbar.jalali@live.uona.edu
1
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Topics
Introduction
Components of an IoT Systems
Things on IoT Systems
Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
Challenges on IoT
IoT Challenges in 2023
Major Technology Challenges in IoT
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
• The Internet of Things operates around Internet and a massive
network.
• Various components are involved which work together to form an organized
system.
• In General, there are two major components to the Internet of Things.
• An object or a “thing” which you intend to make smart by providing
connectivity.
• Embedded system which provides this connectivity.
• Based on collected data from connected products, autonomous actions are
performed by the
devices.
• Understanding what is an IoT system, along with its various components,
helps understand how the Internet of Things works and what are
challenges.
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Components of an IoT Systems
Actuator
Gateway
+ 5 V
– GND
Real Word Data
N
Network
Device to device Device to Server Server to Server
Communication Protocols
Protocols Protocol Protocol
https://w
w
w
.youtube.com
/w
atch?v=M
kW
8
TU
0jcSk
Sensors
Cloud
Things
Mobile
users or
WWW
Data Analytic
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An IoT System Components
• Sensors and Actuators: These are the devices that collect data from the physical environment and
also control the physical
systems.
• Networking: This component enables the communication of data between the sensors and actuators,
and the central control system.
• Gateway: This component acts as an intermediary between the sensor and actuator network and the
central control system. It is responsible for collecting and processing the data from the sensors and
sending commands to the actuators.
• Cloud or on-premises server: This component is responsible for storing and processing the data
collected by the sensors, and also for providing the necessary computing resources for the IoT
system to function.
• User interface: This component provides a way for the user to interact with the IoT system, and to
view and control the data that is being collected and
processed.
• Security: This component provides protection against unauthorized access to the IoT system and its
data.
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Major components of an IoT systems
• Things or Devices, Sensing and embedding components, Gateway, Cloud, Analytic, user
interface plus Connectivity.
• Sensing and embedding components (Sensor – Actuator)
• This is the first tier of an IoT ecosystem, and it forms the backbone of the entire Internet of Things network.
• Connectivity (Protocols – IoT Protocol)
• IoT is a network involving devices, sensors, cloud and actuators and all these needs to interconnect with one another to
be able to decipher data and consequently perform
an action.
• IoT cloud
• Once the data has been collected and it has traveled to the cloud, it needs to be processed. The cloud is where the “smart
stuff” takes place!
• IoT analytics and data management
• Data may be a small word, but it holds immense power that can pose a huge effect on any business. IoT Analytics is used
to make sense of the vast amounts of
analog data.
• End-user devices and user interface
• The user interface is the visible component that is easily accessible and in control of the IoT user. This is where a user
can control the system and set their
preferences.
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IoT Component: Smart devices and sensors
• Devices and sensors are the components of the device connectivity layer.
• These smart sensors are continuously collecting data from the environment and transmit
the information to the next layer.
• Latest techniques in the semiconductor technology can produce micro smart sensors for
various applications.
• Common sensors are:
• Temperature sensors and thermostats
• Pressure sensors
• Humidity / Moisture level
• Light intensity detectors
• Moisture sensors
• Proximity detection
• RFID tags
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IoT Component: Gateway
• IoT Gateway manages the bidirectional data traffic between different networks and
protocols.
• Another function of gateway is to translate different network protocols and make sure
interoperability of the connected devices and
sensors.
• Gateways can be configured to perform pre-processing of the collected data from
thousands of sensors locally before transmitting it to the next stage.
• In some scenarios, it would be necessary due to compatibility of TCP/IP protocol.
• IoT gateway offers certain level of security for the network and transmitted data with
higher order encryption techniques.
• It acts as a middle layer between devices and cloud to protect the system from
malicious attacks and unauthorized access.
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IoT Component: Cloud
• Internet of things creates massive data from devices, applications and users which must be managed
in an efficient way.
• IoT cloud offers tools to collect, process, manage and store huge amount of data in real time.
• Industries and services can easily access these data remotely and make critical decisions when
necessary.
Basically, IoT cloud is a sophisticated high-performance network of servers optimized to perform
high speed data processing of billions of devices, traffic management and deliver accurate analytics.
• Distributed database management systems are one of the most important components of IoT cloud.
• Cloud system integrates billions of devices, sensors, gateways, protocols, data storage and provides
predictive analytics.
• Companies use these analytics data for improvement of products and services, preventive measures
for certain steps and build their new business model accurately.
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IoT Component: Analytics
• Analytics is the process of converting analog data from billions of smart devices and
sensors into useful insights which can be interpreted and used for detailed analysis.
• Smart analytics solutions are inevitable for IoT system for management and
improvement of the entire system.
• One of the major advantages of an efficient IoT system is real time smart analytics
which helps engineers to find out irregularities in the collected data and act fast to
prevent an undesired scenario.
• Service providers can prepare for further steps if the information is collected
accurately at the right time.
• Big enterprises use the massive data collected from IoT devices and utilize the insights
for their future business opportunities.
• Careful analysis will help organizations to predict trends in the market and plan ahead
for a successful implementation.
• Information is very significant in any business model and predictive analysis ensures
success in concerned area of business line.
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IoT Component: User Interface
• User interfaces are the visible, tangible part of the IoT system which can be
accessible by users.
• Designers will have to make sure a well-designed user interface for minimum
effort for users and encourage more interactions.
• Modern technology offers much interactive design to ease complex tasks into
simple touch panels controls.
• Multicolor touch panels have replaced hard switches in our household
appliances and the trend is increasing for almost every smart home devices.
• User interface design has higher significance in today’s competitive market, it
often determines the user whether to choose a particular device or appliance.
• Users will be interested to buy new devices or smart gadgets if it is very user
friendly and compatible with common wireless standards.
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Components of an IoT Systems
• Sensing and embedding components: This essential layer consists of physical, micro
appliances, embedded in an IoT device, which are responsible for collecting data or controlling
a mechanism.
• Actuators: Actuators work opposite to that of sensors. While sensors, sense; actuators act.
• Connectivity: IoT is a network involving devices, sensors, cloud and actuators and all these
needs to interconnect with one another to be able to decipher data and consequently perform
an action.
• IoT cloud: Once the data has been collected and it has traveled to the cloud, it needs to be
processed.
• IoT analytics and data management: IoT Analytics is used to make sense of the vast amounts of
analog data.
• End-user devices and user interface: This is where a user can control the system and set their
preferences.
12https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem
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What is
Things on IoT Systems
• A thing, in the context of the Internet of
things (IoT), is an entity or physical object
that has a unique identifier, an embedded
system and the ability to transfer data over
a
network.
• Given the ability of wireless technology,
and IPv6 addresses the capacity of
THINGS in IoT could be developed for
almost anything imaginable, examples like
chair, fridge, bike, oven, coffee maker
watch, etc..
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What is Things on IoT Systems
• Physical things can share and collect
data with minimal human intervention.
• In this hyperconnected world, digital
systems can record, monitor, and
adjust each interaction between
connected things.
• The physical Things meets the digital
world in IoT, and they cooperate.
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Things on IoT Systems
• The Internet of Things (IoT)
describes the network of physical
objects—“things”, that are
embedded with sensors, software,
and other technologies for the
purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices
and systems over the internet.
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• A Sampler of Home Automation IoT Devices
• Introduce the following popular IoT devices used in the home and office:
a.Smart home assistants
b.Smart thermostats
c.Smart vents
d.Smart light bulbs
e.Smart door locks
f. Video doorbells
g.Smoke alarms
h.Security systems
i. Irrigation systems
j. Smart appliances
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• A Sampler of Home and Office Automation IoT Devices
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• While home automation is a current
driver of IoT, industrial IoT
products will likely have a greater
impact on society.
• Industrial IoT (IIoT) uses some of
the same technologies as other IoT
devices but differs in security,
ruggedness, networking, and the
types of
devices involved.
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• Industrial IoT (IIoT) uses some of the same technologies as other IoT devices but
differs in many aspects, such as security, ruggedness, networking, and the types of
devices involved.
• IIoT is used in utilities, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, city infrastructure, and a
plethora of other industries.
• The use of IoT technologies in industry has been dubbed Industry 4.0
• Industry 4.0 makes use of virtualization, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence to
create what is called a cyber-physical system (CPS)
• Some of the same IoT technologies are used in both home automation and industry
• Industrial usage often requires industrial version of sensors because they must hold
up under harsh environments, high vibrations, and possibly extreme temperatures
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• Industrial IoT Devices
• The use of IoT in industry has been
dubbed Industry 4.0.
• Explain that it makes use of virtualization,
cloud computing, and artificial intelligence
to create what is called a cyber-physical
system (CPS).
• Some of the same technologies are used
in both industry and home automation,
especially environmental sensors such as
temperature, humidity, motion, and sound
sensors.
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• Industrial IoT Devices
• Following lists of devices that might be found in industrial
applications that aren’t as common as those in home automation:
a. Actuators
b.Electric motor
c. Solenoid
d.RFID tags
e. PLCs
f. IoT gateways
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• Types of devices you might find in industrial applications include the following:
• Actuators
• An actuator is a general category of output device that provides
automatic movement, such as turning a valve to open or close a pipe
• Electric motor
• An electric motor rotates at a particular speed and direction in
response to an electrical signal
• Stepper motors rotate in a series of steps, providing precise movement
• Servo motors provide either partial rotation or continuous rotation
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Commercial and Industrial IoT Devices
• Types of devices you might find in industrial applications include the following:
• Solenoid
• A solenoid is a tightly wound coil of wire that creates a strong magnetic field when
electricity is applied
• RFID tags
• RFID tags are attached to objects and are used to identify and track the objects
• PLCs
• Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are input/output controllers used in assembly
lines, robotics, and automated machinery
• IoT gateways
• IoT gateway devices translate data coming from an IoT network to another type of
network
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Metaverse With IoT: Leading Global Transformation
• Imagine a scenario where your
physical reality and digital life
are seamlessly connected.
• This sounds straight out of a
movie scene, right? Completely
fictional? To be honest, that is
fast becoming a reality.
Welcome to the Metaverse.
24https://clutch.co/development/resources/metaverse-iot-global-transformation
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Metaverse With IoT: Leading Global Transformation
• Relationship Between the Metaverse and IoT
• First introduced in 1999, IoT refers to a giant network of physical objects – such as voice-activated
speakers, sensors, and thermostats – connected over the internet.
• Common examples of IoT include healthcare assets like medical devices, everyday household items
such as light bulbs, and smart cities.
• Now, the IoT is set to transform the Metaverse by seamlessly connecting the 3D world to many real-life
devices.
• But What Role will IoT Play in the Metaverse?
• It is predicted that IoT will minimize one of the most significant challenges faced in the Metaverse, i.e., mapping data from real life into a
digital reality in real-time. IoT’s primary role would be to bring the physical world into the digital realm.
• Contrary to popular belief, the real MVP in the Metaverse is Augmented Reality (AR), not Virtual Reality (VR). There will, obviously, be a
need for more advanced IoT layers architectures in the Metaverse and its immersive virtual environment.
• IoT in the Metaverse can help create a digital twin of people – the bespoke avatar mentioned earlier – to connect our physical and virtual
worlds.
25https://clutch.co/development/resources/metaverse-iot-global-transformation
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(Io
T) • Follow This link for the rest
•https://clutch.co/development/resource
s/metaverse-iot-global-transformation
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IoT: Key Technology To The Metaverse
• The broad term, IoT can be
considered a giant network of
connected devices, an
ecosystem that exchanges
data over a wired or wireless
network.
• According to Insider
Intelligence forecast, there
will be 3.
74
billion IoT mobile
connections worldwide by
2025 and more than
64
billion
IoT devices installed by 2026.
27https://www.valuewalk.com/iot-key-technology-to-the-metaverse/
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IoT And The Metaverse
• Metaverse and its immersive virtual environment will increase demand
for more advanced IoT architectures.
• Like many have said, the real hype of the metaverse lies within AR and
not VR.
• The ability to stay interconnected between the virtual world and reality
is vital in driving up demand for IoT spending.
• While the metaverse will blur the line between reality and virtual in the
future through XR, it will need to leverage IoT devices such as sensors
and wearables (sensor gloves, head-mounted devices, glasses, etc.).
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SmartMesh
• SmartMesh is a blockchain-based underlying protocol of
the Internet of Things.
• Through built-in blockchain light nodes and extending the
Raiden and Lightning Networks second layer
architecture network protocols, SmartMesh allows
internet-free digital transactions.
• SmartMesh also enables agile, decentralized Mesh
Networks via blockchain-based token incentives.
29https://www.valuewalk.com/iot-key-technology-to-the-metaverse/
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT
Challenges
Security
Reliability
Heterogen
eity
Large
ScaleBig Data
Legal and
Social
Aspects
Demand
BarriResp
onseers
Each device which is
connected to IoT
ecosystem,
increases chance of
different challenges.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• IoT has brought new challenges to developers, manufacturers, and customers
who rely on their products and services.
• Many of the greatest IoT challenges today have been there from the beginning.
Still, they’re becoming more pronounced as IoT becomes more prolific and
accessible.
• Adding connectivity to a device is easier than ever.
• But every new IoT application has to address or ignore the same challenges,
and many manufacturers are still unaware of how today’s IoT technologies
help solve them.
• In the following slides, we’ll look at the seven main challenges facing IoT
today, plus the technologies that address them.
31https://www.emnify.com/blog/iot-challenges-2023
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• IoT security
• Coverage
• Scalability
• Interoperability
• Bandwidth availability
• Limited battery life
• Remote access
32https://www.emnify.com/blog/iot-challenges-2023
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• IoT security
• IoT devices have been very vulnerable to cyber attacks. This problem isn’t going to just go away because, unfortunately, it stems
from some inherent issues with IoT devices.
• IoT devices often have a limited power supply and need to last for years in the field on a single charge.
• As a result, they need to transmit and receive data with little power.
• Adding encryption, authentication, and security protocols can significantly increase the power consumption of basic transmissions,
so many IoT devices don’t have these capabilities.
• IoT devices may rely on the end users’ network infrastructure (such as WiFi), and you have a perfect storm.
• The device becomes increasingly vulnerable to cyber-attacks and can be used to access other devices and applications on the
network.
• The solution
• Thankfully, low-power connectivity solutions continue to implement new security technologies, this is an area where cellular IoT is
particularly valuable.
• Providers help close security gaps with virtual private network (VPN) capabilities and greater control over your devices’
communications.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• Coverage
• To transmit and receive data, IoT devices need a network connection, lose the connection, and you lose the
device’s capabilities.
• While there are numerous IoT connectivity solutions, they’re all best suited for different types of coverage.
• The solution you choose can severely limit where you can deploy, this makes coverage a constant IoT challenge.
• For example, WiFi is a common choice for IoT connectivity, but your devices can only operate within a short range
of a router, and you can only deploy your devices at locations that have WiFi.
• When the infrastructure isn’t available, you must either pay to build it or outfit your devices with a backup solution
that already has coverage.
• The solution
• Several technologies provide wide coverage, enabling IoT devices to operate within a few miles of the network
infrastructure. While cellular is the most popular option, there are also Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs)
like Sigfox and LoRaWAN.
• In the years to come, satellite connectivity will likely become more common as well.
34
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• Scalability
• IoT businesses often have hundreds or thousands of devices in the field, the largest IoT manufacturers have
millions of devices deployed around
the world.
• As businesses scale, they often piecemeal together their IoT stack, adopting different connectivity solutions for
deployments in new regions, each of these comes with different management platforms, support systems, and
underlying technologies.
• The larger the scale of your operations, the more overwhelming device management, and logistics become.
• This is even a problem with cellular IoT, where connectivity is available worldwide but owned by disparate Mobile
Network Operators (MNOs).
• To connect to a new carrier, you need a provider with roaming agreements with that carrier or a new SIM card.
• The solution
• Global IoT solutions with cellular operator circumvent this challenge by creating agreements with carriers all over
the world.
• With a single SIM card, your devices can connect to more than 5
40
networks in over 195 countries.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• Interoperability
• One of the incredible things about IoT is the seemingly endless ways you can configure your tech stack to suit your unique
circumstances. But it also creates a challenge: Not all IoT devices and solutions are compatible with each other or with your
business applications.
• Adding new hardware and software to the mix may require you to make a chain reaction of changes to keep the functionality you
need while accommodating the new tech.
• There’s another way interoperability challenges IoT manufacturers. Some of the underlying tech your IoT solution depends on may
be open source.
• That isn’t a problem itself, but if that open-source technology doesn’t have a regulating body to create a clear universal standard,
you can wind up with different businesses and/or countries using different variations of the open-source tech.
• This makes it difficult to add technology from a different vendor or deploy your IoT solution in a new country. It’s certainly not a
problem for every IoT application, but some industries need to accelerate their adoption of universal standards to improve
interoperability.
• The solution
• Thankfully, most components of your IoT stack are relatively easy to exchange for other tech. And the trend within the industry is to
make IoT solutions versatile by making integration as simple as possible.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• Bandwidth availability
• Radio Frequency (RF) bandwidth is a finite resource the entire world must share. Even with billions of
connected devices, there’s more than enough to go around. But when too many of these devices use
the same frequency bands in the same location, their signals interfere with each other.
• A common example of this is WiFi in apartment buildings. Every resident with a WiFi router creates a
separate network that uses the same frequencies (usually 5GHz or 2.4GHz). Since they’re so close
together (in some cases on either side of the same wall), their signals can easily interfere when
everyone tries to use these frequencies simultaneously.
• In IoT, you often have thousands of connected devices in relatively close proximity. As we continue
adding billions of new devices, the RF spectrum will grow increasingly crowded. Signal interference
and the availability of bandwidth are something manufacturers need to be aware of. Thankfully, there
are several ways the industry is addressing this.
• The solution (next slide)
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• The solution
• Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) worldwide pay for a license that essentially privatizes segments of
the RF spectrum, like a toll lane on a highway, making it so that only their customers can access this
bandwidth. Different MNOs who operate in the same area each have their own licensed bands, which
helps decrease the likelihood of interference.
• Some IoT solutions, like LoRaWAN, use unlicensed bands available to the public. These can be prone
to interference in high-traffic areas, but this flexibility can help businesses avoid concentrating their
devices on already crowded bands.
• New IoT technologies are also finding more efficient ways to use bandwidth. Narrowband IoT, for
example, is a cellular network technology that uses narrower bands, including the “guard bands,”
which normally serve as unused gaps between networks.
• While 5G isn’t quite ready for widespread use in IoT, it will soon give businesses access to a much
greater range of the RF spectrum. This will allow the world to distribute IoT devices across more
frequencies.
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• Limited battery life
• Most IoT devices have small batteries. This is mainly because the devices are often incredibly small—
and new generations of IoT technology are trending smaller and more efficient devices and
components.
• Larger batteries could restrict a device’s use cases or limit where and how the device can be
installed.
• For example, putting a larger battery on a predictive maintenance sensor could prevent you from
installing the sensor where it would be most protected from extreme temperatures, debris, impact,
and other conditions that could cause damage.
• For devices that spend most of their lifecycle in the field without access to another power source, the
battery is designed to last for years.
• But it can only last all that time if the device’s regular operations drain minimal power. Transmitting or
receiving data for extended periods drains too much battery life.
• The solution (next page)
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• The solution
• Newer networking technologies like NB-IoT and LTE-M have power-saving features like Power-Saving
Mode (PSM) and Discontinuous Reception (DRX).
• These features can help extend the battery life of IoT devices to 10 years or more, but many older
technologies still in use today don’t have these capabilities, leaving businesses to choose between
too little data throughput and too much power consumption.
• Another way manufacturers can make more efficient use of their batteries is with specialized IoT
routers and gateways.
• These pieces of network infrastructure can serve as intermediaries between IoT devices and the
applications and network entities they need to communicate with.
• The gateway or router can support the more complicated protocols and security processes like
encryption and authentication, keeping devices secure while minimizing their power consumption.
40
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7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• Remote access
• The type of connectivity an IoT device uses can change how you’re able to access the device. For example, using
your customers’ WiFi or ethernet requires support personnel to either have VPN privileges or be on the premises.
• On-site visits are extremely expensive, but if that’s the only way a technician can troubleshoot or update your
device, you’re stuck paying the additional costs.
• Remote access capabilities dramatically lower the costs of support and maintenance—for you or your
customers—and make routine firmware updates far more manageable at any scale.
• Unfortunately, many IoT connectivity solutions lack the data throughput to make global remote access viable.
• A single firmware update over a network with low data throughput consumes too much power for devices that rely
on batteries.
• This is another strength of cellular connectivity. Cellular networks offer the data throughput needed to efficiently
push updates to your devices and the required technology for secure remote access through VPNs.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT
• Smart Sensors Challenges
•
Security Challenge
s
• Privacy Challenges
• Connectivity Challenges
• Compatibility Challenges
• Other Challenges
• Smart connectivity: Keeping high privacy and security of all connected
devices, Treating big data, Reducing the overall data latency among
machine-to-machine interactions, Reducing bandwidth and power
consumption and Complexity.
42https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT
• Smart Sensors Challenges:
• One the most important component of major IoT system is smart sensors.
• Industries, food processing, smart farming, retail, storage, healthcare and
smart city applications are using smart sensors for data collection.
• These sensors must be developed to support specific requirements and
reliable real-time operation.
• IoT sensors may vary from simple temperature sensors to complex sensors
which extracts information from its surroundings.
• Design, development and successful implementation of wide range of smart
sensors are often challenging task.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT
• Security Challenges:
• Another major challenge of IoT is the security aspect.
• As the IoT system grows, the significance of the security also becomes a big concern.
• Simply hacking a household device does not cause much harm compared to shutdown of a
power grid which cause power outage to a large geographical area.
• Security upgrades are usually implemented by including additional security patches to the OS.
• IoT devices and system should support future upgrades / updates as well.
• Fatal security failure could happen due insufficient security measures of IoT devices and
gadgets when competitors within the industry trying to secure their position in the market.
• Since IoT technology has not been standardized, many small scale, medium scale and startups
will try their part to become a player in the IoT business without enough security measures.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT
• Privacy Challenges:
• Personal privacy is a significant factor in any system which collect user information.
• IoT devices collect personal information and transmitted via wired or wireless
network.
• Collected information is stored in a centralized database and used for future needs.
• Personal information of the consumer must be protected by avoiding any chances of
unauthorized access and hacking.
• Sensitive information regarding a user’s habits, lifestyle, health etc. could be misused
if unauthorized access of data is possible.
• IoT system should meet privacy requirements of each country’s regulations and make
sure user privacy is protected.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT
• Connectivity Challenges:
• Majority of the IoT devices would be connected to a wireless network
for its specific requirement and convenience.
• There are many wireless transmission technologies used IoT system
like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa WAN, SigFox, Zigbee etc. … Each of this
system has its own advantages and specifications.
• Implementation of multiple technology platforms is challenging for
developers since information must be shared between devices and
application.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT
• Compatibility Challenges:
• Like any other emerging technologies, IoT is also growing in different areas to support wide
variety of applications.
• As it grows faster, competition also increases, and companies try to standardize their
technology as industrial standard.
• Any extra hardware requirement for compatibility will cause additional investments to the
service providers and consumers as well.
• IoT devices and networks must be compatible with all conventional transmission
technologies.
• Compatibility of devices is an important and challenging topic while dealing with wide range of
devices, applications, transmission technologies and gateways.
• In order to have an efficient IoT infrastructure, technology must be standardized, network
protocols, transmission bands, data rate and processing need to be defined and monitored.
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Major Technology Challenges in IoT
• Other Challenges:
• Complexity: IoT is complex due to the wide are of applications. Every system
must be designed, tested and implemented according to its specification.
• Power: like all other smart system, IoT also requires power for its smart
sensors, wireless transmitting devices and gadgets. It must be efficient in
terms of power consumptions.
• Cloud access: most the IoT will be using a centralized cloud-based process
control system. In order to reduce latency and maintain real time connectivity
in a cloud base system are challenging.
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Three Major Challenges Facing IoT
•Technology, Business and Society
• Technological Challenges: there are many technological challenges,
including Security, Connectivity, Compatibility & Longevity, Standards
and
Intelligent Analysis & Actions
https://iot.ieee.org/newsletter/march-2017/three-major-challenges-facing-iot.html 49
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IoT security challenges
• Developing a thorough understanding of IoT cybersecurity issues and executing a
strategy to mitigate the related risks will help protect your business and build
confidence in digital transformation processes.
• Significant IoT security challenges are :
• Weak password protection
• Lack of encryption
• Insufficient testing and updating
• IoT Malware and ransomware
• Lack of regular patches and updates and weak update mechanism
• Insecure interfaces
• Insufficient data protection
• Poor IoT device management
• The IoT skills gap
50https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/iot/magazine/internet-threats
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• IoT has already turned into
a serious security concern
that has drawn the
attention of prominent tech
firms and government
agencies across the world.
51
Security Challenge
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• The hacking of baby monitors,
smart fridges, thermostats,
drug infusion pumps, cameras
and even the radio in your car
are signifying a security
nightmare being caused by the
future of IoT.
52
Security Challenge
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• So many new nodes being added
to networks and the internet will
provide malicious actors with
innumerable attack vectors and
possibilities to carry out their evil
deeds, especially since a
considerable number of them
suffer from security holes.
53
Security Challenge
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• The more important shift in security
will come from the fact that IoT will
become more ingrained in our lives.
• Concerns will no longer be limited to
the protection of sensitive information
and assets.
• Our very lives and health can become
the target of IoT hack attacks.
54
Security Challenge
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•There are many reasons
behind the state of
insecurity in IoT.
•Some of it has to do with
the industry.
55
Security Challenge
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Society Challenge
• Understanding IoT from the customers and
regulators prospective is not an easy task for the
following reasons:
• Customer demands and requirements change
constantly.
• New uses for devices—as well as new devices—
sprout and grows at breakneck speeds.
• Inventing and reintegrating must-have features
and capabilities are expensive and take time and
resources.
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Society Challenge
• The uses for Internet of Things technology are
expanding and changing—often in uncharted waters.
• Consumer Confidence: Each of these problems could
put a dent in consumers’ desire to purchase connected
products, which would prevent the IoT from fulfilling its
true potential.
• Lack of understanding or education by consumers of
best practices for IoT devices security to help in
improving privacy, for example change default
passwords of IoT devices.
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Society Challenge
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Society Challenge
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Society Challenge
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Challenges on IoT: Security
Security in
IoT
Privacy
Keeping the personal
information including
healthcare data safe
Reduction the risk
of violation
Trust
Make a mutual trust among
providers and people for
data interaction
Data
confidentiality
Guarantee that only
authorized entities can
access and modify data
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Connectivity Challenge
• As the complexity and collection of the traffic that flows through the
networks are continuously growing, the innovation becomes difficult to
achieve in both IoT and legacy networks.
• IoT application domains from a traffic characteristics perspective is a
challenge, specifically traffic characteristics, used network
technologies for implementation, and their feasibility as well as
challenges.
• Key factor in future IoT development is network technologies and the
way they handle and forward network traffic.
62
https://dl.acm.org/doi/fullHtml/10.1145/3399
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Connectivity Challenge
• Connecting so many devices will
be one of the biggest challenges
of the future of IoT, and it will
defy the very structure of
current communication models
and the underlying technologies.
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Connectivity Challenge
•At present we depend on
the centralized,
server/client paradigm to
verify, authorize and
connect different nodes in
a network.
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Connectivity Challenge
• This model is enough for current IoT
ecosystems, where tens, hundreds
or even thousands of devices are
involved.
• But when networks grow to join
billions and hundreds of billions of
devices, centralized systems will
turn into a bottleneck.
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Connectivity Challenge
• Such systems will require huge
investments and spending in
maintaining cloud servers that
can handle such large amounts of
information exchange, and entire
systems can go down if the
server becomes unavailable.
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Connectivity Challenge
• The future of IoT will very much have to depend on
decentralizing IoT networks.
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Compatibility and Long-life challenge
• IoT is growing in many different
directions, with many different
technologies competing to
become the standard.
• This will cause difficulties and
require the deployment of extra
hardware and software when
connecting devices.
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Compatibility and Long-life challenge
• Other compatibility issues
stem from non-unified cloud
services, lack of
standardized M2M protocols
and diversities in firmware
and operating systems
among IoT devices.
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Standards Challenge
• One of the most difficult challenges in the IoT evolution is
standardization
• Without global standards, the complication of machines that need
to connect and interact with one another (along with automation,
service quality, data repository, and so on) would skyrocket.
• The Internet of Things promises lots of interconnected devices,
which would necessitate universal standards in order to function
at a degree of complexity that is appropriate, scalable, and
manageable.
70https://www.analyticsinsight.net/iot-standardization-why-iot-has-not-set-standards-yet/
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Standards Challenge
• In a world dominated by smart devices, security is very important, IoT
standardization is necessary to keep security.
• Many have proposed that a common model for the Internet of Things
could help us solve some of the industry’s current problems.
• Laws and limitations can aid in defining the scope of data protection
and determining when and how data can be purchased or exchanged.
• It can also help to dispel any misunderstandings about collection of
data and information manipulation.
71https://www.analyticsinsight.net/iot-standardization-why-iot-has-not-set-standards-yet/
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Standards Challenge
• Technology standards which include
network protocols, communication
protocols, and data-aggregation
standards, are the sum of all activities of
handling, processing and storing the data
collected from the sensors.
• This aggregation increases the value of
data by increasing, the scale, scope, and
frequency of data available for analysis.
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Standards Challenge
Technological Standardization in most
areas are still remain disintegrate
Managing and develop rapid innovation is
a challenge for governments
Privacy and security
Absence of governance
Vulnerability to internet attack
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Intelligent Analysis & Actions
• The last stage in IoT
implementation is extracting
insights from data for analysis,
where analysis is driven by
thinking technologies and the
accompanying models that
facilitate the use of thinking
technologies.
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Intelligent Analysis & Actions
• Factors driving adoption intelligent analytics
within the IoT
• Artificial intelligence models can be improved
with large data sets that are more readily
available than ever before, thanks to the lower
storage
• Growth in crowdsourcing and open- source
analytics software: Cloud-based crowdsourcing
services are leading to new algorithms and
improvements in existing ones at an
unprecedented rate.
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Other IoT challenges
• Deployment challenges in IoT :
• Connectivity: It is the foremost concern while connecting devices, applications and
cloud platforms.
• Cross platform capability: IoT applications must be developed, keeping in mind the
technological changes of the future.
• It is a challenge for IoT application developers to ensure that the device and IoT
platform drivers the best performance despite heavy device rates and fixings.
• Data collection and processing: In IoT development, data plays an important role.
What is more critical here is the processing or usefulness of stored data.
• Lack of skill set: All the development challenges above can only be handled if there is
a proper skilled resource working on the IoT application development.
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Other IoT challenges
• Design challenge in IoT:
1.Battery life is a limitation: Issues in packaging and integration of small-
sized chip with low weight and less power consumption.
2.Increased cost and time to market: Embedded systems are lightly
constrained by cost.
3.Security of the system: Systems have to be designed and implemented
to be robust and reliable and have to be secure with cryptographic
algorithms and security procedures.
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Enterprise IoT Challenge
• Many experts understand that this technology is the future,
and the IoT gives certain competitive advantages to any
enterprise that can adapt it to its needs.
• The main challenges associated with the implementation of
the IoT in enterprise are:
• Inability to link all the data together and process it effectively
• Incompetence in establishing same technology standards to make
all connected devices ‘understand’ each other
• Inability to deal with security and data privacy threats
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Business Challenges
• The bottom line is a big motivation for
starting, investing in, and operating any
business, without a sound and solid
business model for IoT we will have
another bubble , this model must satisfy
all the requirements for all kinds of e-
commerce; vertical markets, horizontal
markets, and consumer markets.
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Business Challenges
• IoT can be divided into 3 categories, based on usage and client’s
base:
• Consumer IoT includes the connected devices such as smart cars,
phones, watches, laptops, connected appliances, and entertainment
systems.
• Commercial IoT includes things like inventory controls, device
trackers, and connected medical devices.
• Industrial IoT covers such things as connected electric meters,
wastewater systems, flow gauges, pipeline monitors, manufacturing
robots, and other types of connected industrial devices and systems.
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Clearly, it is important to understand the value chain and business model
for the IoT applications for each category of IoT.
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Challenges
Security
Reliability
Heterogen
eity
Large
ScaleBig Data
Legal and
Social
Aspects
Demand
Response
Barriers
IoT More
challenges
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Challenges on IoT: Reliability
• IoT-based systems cause some reliability
problems.
• For example, due to cars’ mobility, the
interconnection among them is not very
reliable.
• Moreover, the participation of huge numbers
of smart technologies would lead to some
reliability challenges, particularly regarding
their failure.
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Challenges on IoT: Heterogeneity
• In IoT systems, the authorities have to
examine their goal scenarios, define the
needed hardware/software and afterward
aggregate these heterogeneous subsystems.
• Providing such substructures and the
procurement of a proper cooperating
scheme among them is indeed a major
challenging mission for IoT systems.
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Challenges on IoT: Large Scale
• The IoT system provides a proper platform which is
able to analyze, and aggregate information
extracted from various devices.
• However, this large-scale data needs proper
storage and computational ability because it is
gathered at high rates that lead to the usual
challenges to be more difficult to cope with.
• In addition, the distribution of the IoT devices can
influence the monitoring actions, since the devices
have to deal with delays related to dynamics and
connectivity.
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Challenges on IoT: Big Data
• It is clear that the IoT substructures would
be some of these significant sources of big
data.
• In big data problems, three main
specifications are highlighted, consisting of
the number, speed as well as variance.
• Hence, smart meter information is received
according to these specifications.
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Challenges on IoT: Demand Response Barriers
• Suitable electricity market
• Regulation and policies
• Communication limits
Framework
Barriers
• Convince customers and making incentives
• Profit and loss and return on investment
Providers
Barriers
• Lack of knowledge
• Expensive equipment and technology availability
• Potential saving money
Customer
Barriers
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Conclusion
• Various components are involved which work together to form an organized
system, In General, there are two major components to the Internet of Things;
thigs and embedded system.
• Each device which is connected to IoT ecosystem, increases chance of
different challenges
• New business models and new currencies in the IoT Trust, Ethics, control
society, surveillance, consent and data driven life, and Technological
challenges driven by the need to save energy.
• Other challenges, including Security, Connectivity, Compatibility & Longevity,
and Intelligent Analysis & Actions.
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Conclusion
• IoT will have to face many other challenges on the way to future as our
requirements and technology gets complex every year.
• The demand for a smarter and efficient connected world will have to
overcome all the challenges to emerge and sustain in the advanced
technology era.
• Internet of Things has been evolving ever since it started its journey few years
back.
• New technologies and protocols joins IoT ecosystem to make it more
accessible, cost effective, energy efficient and most importantly secure.
• We will witness a continuous development in IoT due to huge demands in
different sectors.
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References
• 7 IoT Challenges in 2023 and How to Solve Them
• https://www.emnify.com/blog/iot-challenges-2023
• IoT Challenges, https://files.core.ac.uk/pdf/2612/81866225
• Challenges: Bridge between Cloud and IoT,
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1803/1803.02
89
0
• Internet of Things (IoT) : Challenges and Future Directions
• https://www.ijarcce.com/upload/2016/march-16/IJARCCE%20226
• 4 CHALLENGES FOR IOT IMPLEMENTATION – AND HOW TO OVERCOME THEM
• HTTPS://WWW.SIEMENS-ADVANTA.COM/BLOG/IOT-
CHALLENGES?GCLID=CJ0KCQJWMPSSBHCNARISAH3CYGYYJKNKNPQ9GHXKP9R
BCM5NHCHQGH-OY0LOU2IJNF29SRVVXUCBVQOAAOVREALW_WCB
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Video/References
• IoT Security Challenges (12 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zl2ZbdSeQVY
• Security claims vs. Security realities for IoT devices, Challenges building
security into IoT devices, What does security mean for IoT devices? …
• 5 Operational Challenges Holding Back IoT In The Oil & Gas Industry (5 min)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNFUHCJGkYo
• Since the expansion of IoT technology and sensors and the use of data
analytics, Oil and Gas has been one of the first verticals to begin the IoT
digital transformation. However, there are business intelligence and analytics
challenges that are preventing the IoT from fully taking hold.
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INST5
60
, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 3: Winter
20
23
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
aliakbar.jalali@live.uona.edu
1
/
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Overview
• Introduction
• Evolution of the
Technology
• What are IoT Enabling Technologies?
• Benefits of the IoT Technology
• Risks of IoT Technologies
•
Use Cases of IoT Technology!
• Future of Enabling IoT Technologies
• What is Virtual
Age
?
• Relation between Metaverse and IoT
• Conclusion
• References
2
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Introduction
• The emerging idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly
finding its path throughout our modern life, aiming to improve
the quality of life by connecting many smart devices,
technologies, and
applications
.
• This lecture provides an overview of the Internet of Things
(IoT) with emphasis on enabling
technologies.
• The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart
sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols.
• The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate
directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of
applications.
• The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-
machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of
the IoT.
3
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/
71
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63
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Introduction
• In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new
applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision
making.
• This lecture give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling
technologies to enable students to get up to speed quickly on how the different
technologies fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go
through the standards specifications.
• Lecture explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies
including big data analytics and cloud.
• Finally, lecture present some important challenges and benefits of the emerging
technologies like Metaverse, Virtual Reality, Artificial Intelligence etc..
4
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563
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Introduction
• The overall picture of IoT emphasizing
the vertical markets and the horizontal
integration between them.
• Smart objects along with their
supposed tasks constitute domain
specific applications (vertical
markets) while ubiquitous computing
and analytical services form
application domain independent
services (horizontal markets)
5
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Introduction
• Architecture standardization can be seen as a backbone for the IoT to create a
competitive environment for companies to deliver quality products.
• In addition, the traditional Internet architecture needs to be revised to match the IoT
challenges. For example, the tremendous number, more than
50
billion of objects
willing to connect to the Internet.
• Therefore, utilizing a large addressing space (e.g., IPv6) becomes necessary to meet
customer demands for smart objects.
• Security and privacy are other important requirements for the IoT due to the inherent
heterogeneity of the Internet connected objects and the ability to monitor and control
physical objects.
• Furthermore, management and monitoring of the IoT should take place to ensure the
delivery of high-quality services to customers at an efficient cost.
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Introduction: Evolution of the Technology
From 1
90
0
From 1960
7
FROM
VACUUM
TUBE
TO
TRANSISTORS
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Introduction: Evolution of the Technology
8
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Introduction: Evolution of the Technology
9
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Introduction: Evolution of the Technology
10
FROM MAINFRAME
TO HYBRID CLOUD
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THE TRANSFORMATION OF INTERACTION
11
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12
Introduction: Next
Generation of the
Technology
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Evaluation of Technology: Change in Human Way of Life
Evolution of Technology: where we are?
13
Fire Age Agri Age Industry Age
Information
Age
Virtual
Age
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Are Technologies Changing the World?
• Because of technological changes taking place in the world, IoT is
gradually taking over all the fields, and the future of the IoT applications
are increasing day by day.
• Technological advances are fueling the growth of IoT.
• Technology improved communications and network, new sensors of
various kinds; cheaper, denser, more reliable, and power efficient
storage both in the cloud and locally are converging to enable new
types of IoT based products that were not possible a few years ago.
• IoT technology will further develop to make our day-to-day operations
much easier and more remotely controlled in the days to come.
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Are Technologies Changing the World?
• Businesses need to constantly explore IoT
applications within their domain to stay ahead in
competitiveness and implementation.
• The competition will primarily define in the
coming decade as how companies take
advantage of innovative technology.
• However, it is the dominant technology that
determines the future of many businesses
attached to the future of the internet of things
(IoT).
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Are Technologies Changing the World?
• The emerging trends in IoT are majorly driven by technologies like
artificial intelligence, blockchain, 5G and edge computing.
• We need to know more in detail about the elements that make up
broad spectrum of technologies, we know as the Internet of
Things.
• Technological advances lies in the business value of IoT
applications like smart wearables, smart homes and buildings,
smart cities, autonomous cars, smart factories, location trackers,
wireless sensors and much more.
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Introduction: Technology is changing the world!
• Technology is
changing the
world.
• It is changing
the way we
communicate,
shop, learn,
travel, play and
of course the
way we work.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/05/06/internet-things-could-really-change-way-live/ 17
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Introduction: Technology is changing the world!
18
Global gigabit
subscriptions are
expected to jump to 50
million in 20
22
, more than
doubling from
24
million at
the end of 2020, according
to a new report from
analyst firm Omdia.
High Speed
Internet!
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Introduction: Social Media is Changing societies!
19
• Are you on social media a lot? When is the last
time you checked Twitter, Facebook, or
Instagram? Last night? Before breakfast? Five
minutes ago?
• The Impact of Social Media on Politics
• The Impact of Social Media on Society
• The Impact of Social Media on Commerce
• The Impact of Social Media on the World of Work
• The Impact of Social Media on Training and
Development
• The Challenges of Social Media: Cyberbullying,
Lack of Privacy
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Introduction: Can Technology Save the World?
• Yes! Technology can save the world I think that because
the tech can help us with different advance that we have,
For example: in the medicine it can prevent disease and
many people can alive but at the same time it is killing the
people using chemicals in the food, but we can use less.
• No! Technology alone cannot save the world. It needs to
be accompanied by conscious decisions by humans.
20
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What are IoT Enabling Technologies?
• IoT enabling technologies refer to the various technologies and tools that are used to create and
support IoT systems and devices. Some examples include:
• Wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks, which allow IoT
devices to connect to the internet and communicate with one another.
• Sensors and actuators, which are used to gather data from the physical world and take actions based on
that
data.
• Cloud computing and data storage technologies, which are used to store, process, and analyze the data
generated by IoT
devices.
• Programming languages and frameworks, such as Python and Node-RED, which are used to develop the
software that runs on IoT devices and in the cloud.
• Security technologies such as encryption, authentication, and firewalls, which are used to protect IoT
systems and devices from unauthorized
access and attacks.
• All these technologies work together to make it possible to create IoT systems that can collect,
transmit, and act on data from a wide range of devices and sensors.
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What are the benefits of IoT enabling technologies?
• Increased efficiency: IoT systems can automate tasks and processes, reducing the need for
human intervention and increasing efficiency. For example, IoT-enabled devices in a factory can
automatically adjust production processes based on real-time data from sensors.
• Improved accuracy: IoT devices can gather large amounts of data from a variety of sources and
use that data to make more accurate predictions and decisions. For example, IoT-enabled
weather monitoring can provide more accurate predictions of weather patterns.
• Better decision-making: IoT systems can provide real-time data, which can be used to make
more informed decisions. For example, data from IoT-enabled sensors in a retail store can be
used to optimize stock levels and improve customer service.
• Increased productivity: IoT systems can provide businesses with new insights and ways to
optimize operations, increase productivity, and reduce costs. For example, IoT-enabled
machines can self-diagnose problems and order replacement parts automatically.
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What are the benefits of IoT enabling technologies?
• Improved safety: IoT systems can help to keep people safe by providing real-
time information, alerts and alarms, and taking automated actions. For
example, IoT-enabled sensors can be used to detect and respond to potential
fire hazards in a building.
• Remote monitoring and control: IoT systems can give users the ability to
monitor and control devices remotely.
• Cost savings: IoT can help companies save money by streamlining operations,
reducing downtime, and automating processes.
• Improving Quality of life: IoT systems can help people live more convenient
and comfortable lives by, for example, automating home systems such as
lighting, heating, and security.
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What is IoT Technology?
• IoT technology includes all the enabling hardware IP, tools,
systems, sensors, and software that support IoT device and
application development.
• With IoT technology, everyday objects can be made smart—from
medical devices to smartphones, watches to security cameras,
and cars to factory production lines.
• IoT technologies also include security tools to prevent internet-
based attacks on networked devices and their applications.
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T)
IoT Technologies
• The goals of most IoT technologies are to collect, process, analyze, react to, and communicate data. Any
technology that does one or more of those tasks is a candidate for use in IoT application.
• IoT devices usually collect data from the environment around the device using the following sensors:
a. Audio sensors
b. Proximity sensors
c. Light sensors
d. Accelerometers and gyroscopes
e. Temperature and humidity sensors
f. Motion and occupancy sensors
g. Biometric sensors
• Two places that IoT data processing occurs in:
a. The front end, where the sensors that collect the data are located; often referred to as edge
processing or edge computing
b. The back end, a central location where data is usually sent via a network connection
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IoT Technologies
• Edge processing is done by a microprocessor or microcontroller.
• Further microprocessors used in IoT are usually reserved for
computing-intensive applications.
• Microcontrollers are specifically designed to work with sensors
and I/O devices and are the processing device of choice for edge
computing in IoT applications.
• An embedded system as a computing system designed to
perform a specific function.
• A microcontroller is usually at the heart of an embedded system.
• Data processing in most IoT applications consists mainly of
reading data from sensors and other input devices, running an
algorithm to determine how to react to the data, and outputting
data.
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IoT Technologies: IoT connected devices worldwide up to 2025
27
75
+ Billion
IoT
devices
are
expected
to be in
use by
2025.
IoT Infrastructure
Devices & Facilities
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IoT Technologies: IoT Software
• IoT Software is essential for
tracking and managing devices
• The leading dashboard for IoT
• See your device performance,
manage spend, and equip your
operations for the future — all in
one place.
28
IoT Infrastructure:
IoT Software
https://www.hologram.io/products/dashboard/
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IoT Technologies: IoT Labor (Skill)
• Investing in upskilling employees can help close IoT
skill gaps.
• 7 challenges in IoT and how to overcome them by skilled
labor.
1. IoT security
2. Lack of effective and informed government regulations
3. Device compatibility
4. Bandwidth strain
5. End user challenges
6. IoT device management
7. IoT professional skills gap
29
IoT Infrastructure: Labor
(Upskilling employees)
hthttps://www.hologram.io/blog/challenges-in-iot/
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IoT Technologies: QA & Testing
• IoT testing is the practice of performing a series of tests to
validate performance in the IoT process. Find out more here.
• There are 5 types of IoT testing: usability,
compatibility, security, performance, and compliance.
• Table of Contents
• What is IoT testing, and why it’s important
• The 5 different types of IoT testing
• Possible challenges of IoT testing
• Tips for efficient IoT testing
• Optimizing your IoT testing: a few tools to consider
30
IoT Infrastructure:
QA & Testing
https://www.hologram.io/blog/iot-testing/
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IoT Technologies: Opportunity Cost & Time-to-Market
• IoT deployments were ranked a top 3
investment priority in 2022.
• A new global survey by Analysys Mason and
sponsored by Sierra Wireless (NASDAQ: SWIR)
(TSX: SW) a world leading IoT solutions provider,
found that 72% of enterprises surveyed
deployed IoT to automate their processes and
reduce costs while 55% stated creating new
revenue streams was a main reason for IoT
adoption.
31
IoT Infrastructure: Opportunity
Cost & Time-to-Market
https://www.yahoo.com/now/global-survey-analysys-mason-reveals-130000897.html
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Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
IoT Technologies (1 of 5)
• The goals of most IoT
technologies are to collect,
process, analyze, react to,
and communicate data
• Any technology that
does one or more of
those tasks is a
candidate for use in IoT
applications
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Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
IoT Technologies (2 of 5)
• IoT Data Collection
• IoT devices usually collect data from the
environment around the device using sensors
• Common types of sensors used in IoT include:
• Audio sensors
• Proximity sensors
• Light sensors
• Accelerometers and gyroscopes
• Temperature and humidity sensors
• Motion and occupancy sensors
• Biometric sensors
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Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
IoT Technologies (3 of 5)
• IoT Data Processing
• IoT data processing occurs in two places:
• The front end, where the sensors collect the data are located; this is often referred to as
edge processing or edge computing
• The back end, a central location where data is usually sent via a network connection
• Edge processing is done by a microprocessor or microcontroller
• A microcontroller is a small, low-power processor with built-in analog and digital I/O lines and
memory that usually runs at speeds measured in the tens of Megahertz
• They are specifically designed to work with sensors and I/O devices and are the
processing device of choice for edge computing in IoT applications
• A microcontroller is usually at the heart of an embedded system, a computing system
designed to perform a specific function
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Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
IoT Technologies (4 of 5)
• IoT Data Processing (continued)
• Microprocessors usually have an advanced, multithreaded OS
• Microcontrollers typically have a very simple OS designed to run a single
application with a dedicated function
• A microcontroller may not have an OS at all; it might run only some
bootstrap code that downloads an application to the microcontroller’s
memory
• Whether a device uses a microprocessor or microcontroller, the data
processing in most IoT applications consists mainly of reading data from
sensors and other input devices, running an algorithm to determine how to
react to the data, and outputting data
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Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
IoT Technologies (5 of 5)
• IoT Data Communication
• Various consortiums are in the
process of developing standards
for IoT communications
• The communication aspect of IoT
is complex because of so many of
the “things” that generate data are
incompatible with one another or
lack modern communication
technologies and protocols
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Number of IoT connected devices worldwide from 2019 to 2030,
by Communications Technology
37
https://www.statista.com/statistics/119
46
88/iot-connected-devices-communications-technology/
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Risks of IoT Technologies
• Security and privacy issues, cybercrime, surveillance at work, home or
in public spaces and control of mobility and expression.
• There is governance gap’ that needs to be closed between the potential
risks and society’s efforts to safeguard against them through laws,
industry standards and self-governance approaches.
• Effective technology governance mitigates risks and reduces the
potential harms to society while also helping to maximize the
technology’s positive impacts.
• The generation gap seen in current IoT utilization is surprising.
38
https://www.visionofhumanity.org/what-is-the-internet-of-things/
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Technology Focus on IoT
• Advanced Technologies like IoT lie at the very heart of modern industry’s
ongoing process of digital transformation.
• Indeed, these technologies enable process, product and service innovation
throughout the economy, thus fostering and supporting industrial
modernization across a wide range of organizations and industry sectors.
• Taking the Internet of Things as one the backbones of digital transformation
and industrial modernization, we observed that the current availability of huge
datasets, coupled with recent technology advances in Big Data, Artificial
Intelligence and fast connectivity capabilities, are all paving the way to new
and more disruptive applications of IoT systems and services.
39
https://ati.ec.europa.eu/reports/technology-watch/technology-focus-iot
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Technology Focus on IoT
• There is now widespread recognition among
consumers and organizations that IoT can
help them to operate more efficiently, improve
quality of service and customer experience,
introduce new services and improve many
other aspects of their businesses.
• Likewise, governmental and international
bodies have thrown their weight into
supporting and stimulating IoT development
as a key economic opportunity and driver of
future innovation.
40
https://ati.ec.europa.eu/reports/technology-watch/technology-focus-iot
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10 IoT Technology Trends to watch in 2022
41https://iot-analytics.com/iot-technology-trends/
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What are the components of IoT Technologies
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Use Cases of IoT Technology!
Cars are more and more intelligent devices
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Use Cases of IoT Technology!
44https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/wp-content/uploads/15625-Connected-Living-Report
Device
Ownership
of a Typical
Family of
Four, 2012,
2017, 2022
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Use Cases of IoT Technology!
• Smart home: automation of home appliances which can sense human presence and control
light, temperature and ambience etc.
• Smart wearables: there are millions of smart gadgets already available on the market but still
this is big area for future growth.
• Smart Cities: our future security and monitoring will be using IoT. Congestion management,
traffic control etc.
• Smart healthcare: in future, medical practitioners will be able to assess patients’ conditions
remotely and advice for further procedures.
• Smart energy management: smart lighting control, smart power grid and industrial applications
• Smart farming: farming and agriculture could use IoT for management of irrigation and control.
• Smart ticketing: in future, airports and sport venues will be using smart ticket systems.
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Latest Technology used in IoT
• Artificial Intelligence
• Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
• Internet of Things
• 3D Printers!
• Intelligent Apps (I – Apps)
• Blockchain
• Machin Learning
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Advanced Technologies Uptake by European Industries, 2020
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IoT Enabling Technology
• IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking
technologies.
• IoT is enabled by several technologies including wireless sensor
networks, cloud computing, Big data analytics, Embedded
Systems, Security Protocols and architectures, communication
protocols, web services, Mobile Internet, and Semantic Search
engines.
• The major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID,
NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy wireless, low-energy radio
protocols, LTE-A,5G and WiFi-Direct.
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What are IoT Enabling Technology
1.Wireless Sensor Network
2.Cloud Computing
3.Big Data Analytics
4.Communications Protocols
5.Embedded System
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What are IoT Enabling Technology
• 1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN):
A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors which are used to monitor the
environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor network consists of end
nodes, routers and coordinators. End nodes have several sensors attached to them
where the data is passed to a coordinator with the help of routers. The coordinator
also acts as the gateway that connects WSN to the internet.
Example:
• Weather monitoring system
• Indoor air quality monitoring system
• Soil moisture monitoring system
• Surveillance system
• Health monitoring system
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What are IoT Enabling Technology
• 2. Cloud Computing:
It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities over the internet. Cloud means something which
is present in remote locations. With Cloud computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like databases,
webservers, storage, any device, and any software over the internet. Characteristics:
1. Broad network access
2. On demand self-services
3. Rapid scalability
4. Measured service
5. Pay-per-use
• Provides different services, such as:
• IaaS (Infrastructure as a service) – Infrastructure as a service provides online services such as physical machines, virtual machines, servers,
networking, storage and data center space on a pay per use basis. Major IaaS providers are Google Compute Engine, Amazon Web Services
and Microsoft Azure etc. Ex: Web Hosting, Virtual Machine etc.
• PaaS (Platform as a service): Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing required to support the complete life cycle of building and
delivering West web based (cloud) applications – without the cost and complexity of buying and managing underlying hardware, software
provisioning and hosting. Computing platforms such as hardware, operating systems and libraries etc. Basically, it provides a platform to
develop applications. Ex: App Cloud, Google app engine
• SaaS (Software as a service): It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service. Instead of installing and maintaining software,
you simply access it via the internet, freeing yourself from complex software and hardware management. Ex: Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.
53
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-of-things-iot-enabling-technologies/
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What are IoT Enabling Technology
• 3. Big Data Analytics:
It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data. Collection of data whose volume,
velocity or variety is simply too massive and tough to store, control, process and examine the data using
traditional databases. Big data is gathered from a variety of sources including social network videos, digital
images, sensors and sales transaction records. Several steps involved in analyzing big data:
1. Data cleaning
2. Munging
3. Processing
4. Visualization
• Examples:
• Bank transactions
• Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
• E-commerce and in Big-Basket
• Health and fitness data generated by IoT system such as a fitness bands
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What are IoT Enabling Technology
• 4. Communications Protocols:
They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity
and linking to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to
exchange data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe
different aspects of a single communication. A group of protocols
designed to work together is known as a protocol suite; when
implemented in software they are a protocol stack.
They are used in:
1.Data encoding
2.Addressing schemes
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What are IoT Enabling Technology
• 5. Embedded Systems:
It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special tasks.
It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units
(Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input output units (display keyword etc. ) and
storage devices (flash memory).
It collects the data and sends it to the internet. Embedded systems used in
• Examples:
1.Digital camera
2.DVD player, music player
3.Industrial robots
4.Wireless Routers etc.
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Why IoT Enabling Technology?
• It brings together
most of the latest
technologies.
• Converged, these
technologies will
have a major
impact.
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Key Technologies enables IoT Solution
58
Key Technologies
enables IoT
solutions to be
deployed more
rapidly, cost-
effectively and
at lower risk.
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Industrial IoT Devices (1 of 3)
• The use of IoT technologies in industry has been
dubbed
Industry 4.0
• Industry 4.0 makes use of virtualization, cloud
computing, and artificial intelligence to create
what is called a cyber-physical system (CPS)
• Some of the same IoT technologies are used in
both home automation and industry
• Industrial usage often requires industrial version
of sensors because they must hold up under
harsh environments, high vibrations, and
possibly extreme temperatures
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Industrial IoT Devices (2 of 3)
• Types of devices you might find in industrial
applications include the following:
• Actuators
• An actuator is a general category of output device that
provides automatic movement, such as turning a valve to
open or close a pipe
• Electric motor
• An electric motor rotates at a particular speed and
direction in response to an electrical signal
• Stepper motors rotate in a series of steps, providing
precise movement
• Servo motors provide either partial rotation or continuous
rotation
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Industrial IoT Devices (3 of 3)
• Types of devices you might find in industrial applications
include the following (continued):
• Solenoid
• A solenoid is a tightly wound coil of wire that creates a strong
magnetic field when electricity is applied
• RFID tags
• RFID tags are attached to objects and are used to identify and track
the objects
• PLCs
• Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are input/output controllers
used in assembly lines, robotics, and automated machinery
• IoT gateways
• IoT gateway devices translate data coming from an IoT network to
another type of network
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IoT Architecture
• The IoT should be capable of
interconnecting billions or trillions
of heterogeneous objects through
the Internet, so there is a critical
need for a flexible layered
architecture.
• The ever-increasing number of
proposed architectures has not
yet converged to a reference
model.
62
The IoT architecture. (a) Three-layer. (b)
Middle-ware based. (c) SOA based. (d) Five-
layer.
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IoT Business Layer
• The business (management) layer manages the overall IoT system activities
and services.
• The responsibilities of this layer are to build a business model, graphs,
flowcharts, etc. based on the received data from the Application layer.
• It is also supposed to design, analyze, implement, evaluate, monitor, and
develop IoT system related elements.
• The Business Layer makes it possible to support decision-making processes
based on Big Data analysis. In addition, monitoring and management of the
underlying four layers is achieved at this layer.
• Moreover, this layer compares the output of each layer with the expected
output to enhance services and maintain users’ privacy
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IoT Elements
• Understanding the IoT building blocks helps to gain a better
insight into the real meaning and functionality of the IoT.
• Six main elements needed to deliver the functionality of the
IoT are Identification, Sensing, Communication,
Computation, Services and Semantics.
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IoT Common Standards
• Many IoT standards are proposed to
facilitate and simplify application
programmers’ and service providers’ jobs.
Different groups have been created to
provide protocols in support of the IoT
including efforts led by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C), Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), EPCglobal, Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
and the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI).
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Standardization Efforts in
Support of the IoT
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Example of Application Protocols
• Constrained Application
Protocol (CoAP)
• The CoAP defines a web
transfer protocol based
on REpresentational State
Transfer (REST) on top of
HTTP functionalities.
• CoAP aims to enable tiny
devices with low power,
computation and
communication capabilities to
utilize RESTful interactions.
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CoAP functionality
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Example of Application Protocols
• Message Queue Telemetry
Transport (MQTT)
• MQTT is a messaging protocol
that was introduced by Andy
Stanford-Clark of IBM and Arlen
Nipper of Arcom (now Eurotech)
in 1999 and was standardized in
2013 at OASIS.
• MQTT aims at connecting
embedded devices and networks
with applications and middleware.
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The architecture of MQTT
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Service Discovery Protocols
• The high scalability of the IoT requires a resource
management mechanism that is able to register and
discover resources and services in a self-configured,
efficient, and dynamic way.
• The most dominant protocols in this area are multicast
DNS (mDNS) and DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD) that
can discover resources and services offered by IoT
devices.
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Example of Service Discovery Protocols
• Multicast DNS (mDNS)
• A base service for some IoT applications like
chatting is Name Resolution.
• mDNS is such a service that can perform the task
of unicast DNS server. mDNS is flexible due to the
fact that the DNS namespace is used locally
without extra expenses or configuration.
• mDNS is an appropriate choice for embedded
Internet-based devices due to the facts that
• a) There is no need for manual reconfiguration or
extra administration to manage devices;
• b) It can run without infrastructure; and
• c) It can continue working if failure of infrastructure
happens.
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Request/Response in mDNS protocol
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Example of Service Discovery Protocols
• DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD)
• The pairing function of required services
by clients using mDNS is called DNS-
based service discovery (DNS-SD).
• Using this protocol, clients can discover
a set of desired services in a specific
network by employing standard DNS
messages.
• Figure provides a visual illustration of
how this protocol works. DNS-SD, like
mDNS, is part of the zero configuration
aids to connect machines without
external administration or configuration
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Discovering print service by
DNS-SD
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563
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Infrastructure Protocols
• Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)
• 6LowPAN
• IEEE
80
2.15.4
• Bluetooth Low Energy
• EPCglobal
• LTE-A (Long Term Evolution—Advanced)
• Z-Wave
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Other Influential Protocols
• Beyond the standards and
protocols that define an
operational framework for IoT
applications, there are some
other considerations like
security and interoperability
that should be considered.
• Security
• Interoperability (IEEE 1905.1)
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Considering 1905.1
protocol in network stack.
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IoT Challenges and Future Directions
• Realizing the vision of the IoT is not an easy task due to the many
challenges that need to be addressed.
• Examples of key challenges include availability, reliability, mobility,
performance, scalability, interoperability, security, privacy,
management, and trust.
• Addressing these challenges enables service providers and application
programmers to implement their services efficiently.
• For example, security and privacy play a significant role in all markets
globally due to the sensitivity of consumers’ privacy.
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Big Data Analytics, Cloud and FOG Computing in Support of the IOT
• Connecting many physical objects like humans, animals, plants, smart phones, PCs,
etc. equipped with sensors to the Internet generates what is called “big data.”
• Big data needs smart and efficient storage.
• Obviously, connected devices need mechanisms to store, process, and retrieve data.
• But big data is so huge such that it exceeds the capability of commonly used
hardware environments and software tools to capture, manage, and process them
within an acceptable slot of time.
• The emerging and developing technology of cloud computing is defined by the US
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as an access model to an on-
demand network of shared configurable computing sources such as networks,
servers, warehouses, applications, and services.
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Big Data Analytics, Cloud and FOG Computing in Support of the IOT
• Cloud services allow individuals and companies to use remote third-party
software and hardware components.
• Cloud computing enables researchers and businesses to use and maintain
many resources remotely, reliably and at a low cost.
• The IoT employs many embedded devices, like sensors and actuators that
generate big data which in turn requires complex computations to extract
knowledge.
• Therefore, the storage and computing resources of the cloud present the best
choice for the IoT to store and process big data.
• In the following subsections, we discuss the relation between the IoT and big
data analytics, cloud
and fog computing.
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Big Data Analytics, Cloud and FOG Computing in Support of the IOT
• The relation between the IoT
and big data analytics, cloud
and fog computing.
• Big Data Analytics in Support
of
the IoT
• Cloud Computing for the IoT
• Fog Computing in Support of
the IoT
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The role of the cloud and fog
resources in the delivery of IoT
services
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Future of Enabling IoT Technologies
• The future of IoT enabling technologies is expected to see a continued growth in the number of
connected devices and the amount of data they generate. Some specific areas that are expected to
see significant developments include:
1. 5G: the fifth generation of cellular networks (5G) will provide faster and more reliable connectivity for
IoT devices, enabling new use cases such as real-time control of industrial machinery and self-
driving vehicles.
2. Edge computing: as the amount of data generated by IoT devices continues to grow, it is becoming
increasingly important to process and analyze that data closer to the source, rather than sending it
all to the cloud. This is the idea behind edge computing, which involves deploying computing power
and storage closer to the devices that generate the data.
3. Artificial Intelligence: IoT devices and systems will increasingly rely on AI to process the data they
generate and make decisions based on that data. This will enable new applications such as predictive
maintenance, which can identify equipment problems before they occur, and improve the
performance of systems in general.
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Future of Enabling IoT Technologies
4. Security: As more devices and systems become connected, security will continue to
be an important concern. Advanced security technologies, such as Blockchain and
homomorphic encryption, may be used to protect IoT systems from unauthorized
access and attacks.
5. Connectivity: With the rise of low-power, long-range wireless connectivity
technologies such as LoRaWAN and Sigfox, the number of devices that can be
connected to the internet will continue to increase, including devices in hard-to-reach
or remote locations.
6. Interoperability: As the number of connected devices and services continues to grow,
it will be important to ensure that they can work together seamlessly. Technologies such
as Web of Things (WoT) and AllSeen Alliance will play a crucial role in ensuring
interoperability between different devices, systems and services.
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Metaverse and IoT Technology
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What is Metaverse?
• The Metaverse is a term used to describe a collective virtual shared space that is
created by the convergence of virtual reality, augmented reality, and the internet.
• It is a fully immersive and interactive digital world that allows users to interact with
each other, digital representations of real-world objects, and virtual objects in a
seamless and consistent way.
• The Metaverse is imagined as a virtual universe where users can engage in a wide
range of activities, from socializing and gaming to education and commerce.
• Users can access the Metaverse through various digital devices such as VR/AR
headsets, smartphones, tablets, and PCs.
• In the metaverse, users can interact with virtual environments, objects, and avatars,
and can also create their own virtual objects and environments, which other users can
interact with.
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What are the relation between Metaverse and IoT enabling technologies?
• Metaverse and IoT enabling technologies are related in the sense that both involve the
use of technology to connect and interact with the physical world in new and
innovative ways.
• The concept of the Metaverse refers to a virtual world that is fully immersive and
interactive, where users can interact with each other, digital representations of real-
world objects, and virtual objects in a seamless and consistent way. This virtual world
can be accessed via various digital devices such as VR/AR headsets, smartphones,
tablets, and PCs.
• IoT enabling technologies, on the other hand, are used to create and support IoT
systems and devices. These technologies, such as wireless communication, sensors,
cloud computing, and data storage, allow IoT devices to connect to the internet and
communicate with one another, gather data from the physical world, and take actions
based on that data.
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What are the relation between Metaverse and IoT enabling technologies?
• The connection between these two technologies is that Metaverse will use IoT data to
create a more realistic and sophisticated representation of the physical world. IoT
systems can provide data about the physical world to the metaverse, enabling
metaverse to be more accurate, and realistic.
• IoT devices such as cameras, microphones, and sensors could be used to collect data
from the physical world and send it to the metaverse, where it can be used to create
realistic digital representations of real-world objects and environments. Similarly,
metaverse can provide controls for IoT devices to interact with physical world, such
as open a door, turn on a light, and so on.
• So, in summary, IoT enabling technologies provide data and control capabilities that
can be used to create a more realistic and sophisticated representation of the
physical world in the metaverse, while metaverse can provide a more immersive and
interactive way to interact with that world.
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1st Wave: Agricultural Age
(29,500 Years) Goal, Produce Food
2nd wave: Industrial Age
(500 Years) Goal, Produce Material
3rd wave: Information Age
( 25 Years) Goal, Produce Information
4th wave: Virtual Age
( 20 Years ahead!) Goal, Spirituality
Virtual Age (Metaverse): Next Wave of Change in Society
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What is Virtual Age?
• The term “Virtual age” refers to a period in which virtual reality and
other digital technologies are widely used and have a significant impact
on society. These technologies include virtual and augmented reality,
artificial intelligence, big data, the internet of things, and blockchain,
among others.
• In the virtual age, people will be able to interact with the digital world
and digital objects in a more seamless, immersive, and consistent way.
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are two examples of
technology that allow users to immerse themselves in a digital world
and interact with it in real-time.
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What is Virtual Age?
• Virtual age also allows to access a digital replica of the physical world, such as cities,
buildings, and historical sites, and experience them in a way that is not possible in real
life. Also, with the help of AI, people can interact with virtual agents that can
understand and respond to natural language.
• Big data, IoT, and blockchain technologies will also play a role in virtual age, allowing
for more accurate, real-time insights and predictions to be made about the physical
world, more secure and trustless interactions between users, and the ability to track
and record all sorts of information in a transparent and tamper-proof way.
• Overall, virtual age represents a new paradigm shift in how people interact with the
world, and will have far-reaching implications for society, culture, and the economy.
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Virtual Age: Next Wave of Change in Society
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Paper 1
: Virtual Age: Next Wave of Change in Society
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Professor Jalali
Paper 1
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Paper 2: Virtual Age: Enabling Technologies and Trends
88
Professor Jalali
Paper 2
Metaverse is
part of the
idea of
professor
Jalali in year
19
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89
Professor Jalali
speech
West Virginia University
1993
Virtual Age (Metaverse): Next Wave of Change in Education!
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Conclusion
• The emerging idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly finding its path throughout our modern
life, aiming to improve the quality of life by connecting many smart devices, technologies, and
applications.
• Overall, the IoT would allow for the automation of everything around us.
• This lecture presented an overview of the principle of this concept, its enabling technologies,
protocols, applications of the IoT.
• This, in turn, should provide a good foundation for students who are interested to gain an insight into
the IoT technologies and protocols to understand the overall architecture and role of the different
components and protocols that constitute the IoT.
• Further, some of the challenges and issues that pertain to the design and deployment of IoT
implementations will be presented in other lectures.
• Moreover, we will discuss in the interplay between the IoT, big data analytics, cloud and fog
computing in the coming lectures.
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Conclusion
• The goals of most IoT technologies are to collect, process, analyze, react to, and communicate
data.
• Any technology that does one or more of those tasks is a candidate for use in IoT applications
• IoT combines electronics, computer hardware, programming, and networking, plus a little
needed creativity to imagine what new “things” you can add to the world of IoT.
• IoT data processing occurs in two places: the front end and the back end.
• Different types of devices and different environments dictate what type of networking
technology is likely to be used by a particular IoT device.
• Home automation is a burgeoning industry and a driver of IoT, but industrial IoT products will
likely have a greater impact on society as a whole
• The use of IoT technologies in industry, particularly in manufacturing, has been dubbed
Industry 4.0
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Conclusion: Six key barriers to IoT adoption
1. Knowledge: People are aware of the internet, especially in terms of mobile internet, but they do not
have knowledge about IoT.
2. Access: the availability of the necessary network infrastructure for IoT required to gain high speed
network access, and the availability of relevant end-user devices.
3. Skills: the extent to which people have the necessary levels of literacy and digital “savviness” to
make meaningful use of the internet of Things.
4. Affordability: the costs associated with buying or accessing connected devices, the cost of data
plans, and other associated service fees and expenses.
5. Relevance: the extent to which people can find and consume content, services, and connected
products that they can understand and that meet their needs.
6. Safety and security: how worried people are about the potential risks and negative experiences that
they may be exposed to via the IoT, such as harmful content devices, fraud, and devices data
protection.
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References
• Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7123563
• Virtual Age: Next Wave of Change in Society (Aliakbar Jalali)
• https://vdocuments.net/dr-jalali-paperc50.html?page=1
• Virtual Age: Enabling Technologies and Trends (Aliakbar Jalali)
• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5070754
• Internet of Things-IOT: Definition, Characteristics, Architecture, Enabling Technologies,
Application & Future Challenges, Keyur K Patel1 , Sunil M Patel (DOI 10.4010/2016.1482
ISSN 2321 3361 © 2016 IJESC) – pdf.
• Technologies and Protocol for IoT
• https://webstor.srmist.edu.in/web_assets/downloads/2021/communication-technologies-
for-iot
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Resources
1- IoT Revolution: 5 Ways the Internet of Things Will Change Transportation
•https://interestingengineering.com/iot-revolution-5-ways-the-internet-of-things-will-change-
transportation
2- How IoT is Transforming the Energy Industry
•https://easternpeak.com/blog/how-iot-is-transforming-the-energy-industry/
3- Industry 4.0: The Future of Manufacturing
•https://www.freshfields.com/en-us/our-thinking/campaigns/digital/internet-of-
things/industrial-iot/industrial-internet-of-things-iiot-the-future-of-manufacturing/
4- Pushing IoT Data Gathering, Analysis, and Response to the Edge
•https://dzone.com/articles/pushing-iot-data-gathering-analysis-and-response-to-the-edge
5- IoT DIY Projects
• https://www.postscapes.com/internet-of-things-award/diy/
6- Design and Simulation of IoT Systems Using the Cisco Packet Tracer
• https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=108495
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INST
56
0, Internet of Things (IoT)
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH AMERICA
Lecture 5: Winter
20
23
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
aliakbar.jalali@live.uona.edu
1
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Topics
Introduction
Components of an IoT System
Technical View of Internet of Thin
gs
Internet of Things Simple schematic
How IoT Works-step by step
Example-Home Automation
How IoT Works with Key Technologies
Practical
Example: Agriculture IoT System
Sample Student Technical Project
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
• The IoT as one of emerging technology refers to the
connection of all kinds of devices to the internet and to each
other.
• IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting
to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either
sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
• Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related
devices and
act on the information they get from one another.
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Introduction
• The Internet of things consists of a large
network of interconnected devices.
• These devices transfer and collect huge
amounts of data about how they operate
and details about the information they store.
• This data is sent to large cloud servers
located across the globe.
• The cloud sends relevant instructions based
on the information received.
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Introduction
• To explain how Internet of Things works, we should know the components of
an IoT system, how data is collected, transferred, analyzed,
and acted upon.
• One of two major components to the IoT is “things”, which it intend to make smart by
providing connectivity, the other is the embedded system which provides this
connectivity.
• Embedded system involves a complex system which may consist of multiple sensors,
actuators, protocols, data management layer and more.
• The interconnectivity of all these is responsible to make objects programmable,
intelligent and capable of interacting with one another as well as humans.
• This lecture is provided to explain how an Internet of Things system works.
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CONCLUSION
• In order to understand how
Internet of Things works, we
should know the components of
an IoT system, how data is
collected, transferred, analyzed,
and acted upon.
• The Steps Involved Around IoT
are Data Ingestion, Data
Transmission, Data Processing,
Data Visualization and Data
Analysis And Prediction.
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How Internet of Things work step by step?
• Sensing: IoT devices, such as sensors and cameras, collect data from the physical world.
• Connecting: The collected data is then transmitted to the internet through a wired or wireless connection. This can be
done through various communication protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks.
• Processing: The data is then processed by a central system, such as a cloud-based server or an edge device, to extract
meaningful information.
• Storing: The processed data is then stored in a database for future use.
• Analyzing: The stored data is analyzed to identify patterns and trends, which can be used to make decisions or
automate processes.
• Acting: Based on the analysis, the IoT system can take specific actions, such as controlling an actuator or sending a
notification to a user.
• Monitoring: The entire process is constantly monitored to ensure that the system is working properly and to identify
any issues that need to be addressed.
• Updating: As necessary, the software, firmware, and security protocols of the IoT devices and the central system are
updated to improve performance, fix bugs and to address vulnerabilities.
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Using Cisco Packet Tracer in IoT
• It is a good idea to use Cisco Packet Tracer to learn about how IoT works.
• Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation software that can be used to simulate IoT
scenarios. Here is a general outline of how to use Cisco Packet Tracer for IoT simulation:
• Download and install Cisco Packet Tracer on your computer.
• Open Cisco Packet Tracer and create a new project.
• Drag and drop IoT devices, such as sensors and actuators, onto the simulation
workspace.
• Connect the IoT devices to a network, such as a router or a switch, to enable
communication between the devices.
• Configure the network settings, such as IP addresses, subnet masks, and default
gateways, for the devices and the network.
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Using Cisco Packet Tracer in IoT
• Configure the IoT devices to collect and transmit data to a central system, such
as a cloud-based server or a database.
• Create a program or script to process the data collected by the IoT devices, and
to automate certain actions based on the
data.
• Test the simulation by sending data between the devices and observing how the
system responds.
• Modify the simulation as needed to achieve the desired results.
• Repeat steps 8 and 9 until the simulation behaves as expected.
• It’s important to keep in mind that Packet Tracer is a simulation tool, and it is
not capable of performing real-life tasks, it is mainly used for educational and
training purposes.
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Introduction: How IoT Works?
IoT is a complicated Systems! Billions of hardwires Devices! Millions of
Applications! Huge Data! Complex Cloud Technologies! So, it is not easy
to explain exactly how IoT works!
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Components of an IoT System
Actuator
Gateway
+ 5 V
– GND
Real Word Data
N
Network
Device to device Device to Server Server to Server
Communication and Protocol
Sensors
Cloud
Things
Mobile
users or
WWW
Data Analytic
Here are the main components based on which an internet of things works on.
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Components of an IoT System
• 1. Sensing and embedding components
• Data is necessary for IoT, and sensors are an important factor to ensure the accuracy
and credibility of data. This essential layer consists of physical, micro appliances,
embedded in an IoT device, which are responsible for collecting data or controlling a
mechanism.
• Sensors: Sensors work to gather small data from the surrounding environment.
This allows an IoT device to capture relevant data for real-time or post-processing.
• Depending on the type of sensor, this small piece of hardware can measure absolutely anything.
This can be smoke, motion or even blood pressure.
• While advanced sensors can measure a range of complexities, some IoT devices have multiple
sensors bundled to be able to collect a range of data or perform multiple functions.
• Our smartphones for example have GPS, fingerprint, camera, tilt, motion and numerous other
sensors, all bundled in one.
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Example: Components of an IoT System
• Smart ACs or thermostats can sense room temperature and humidity levels at
the same time.
• Considering the example of smart ACs, a person utilizing an automated mode
function may set room temperature preferences between
73
– and
77
-degrees
Fahrenheit.
• As soon as a room temperature higher than 77 degrees is detected the device
will transmit a command to the air conditioning unit to operate at specified
settings.
• As soon as a room is cooler than 73 degrees the change in temperature will be
detected and a signal will be transmitted to the AC to turn off.
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Example: Components of an IoT System
• In the image below, an IoT-enabled smart AC controller is used to make
a conventional air conditioner smart.
14
It has a sensor
detects room
temperature
and
transmitter to
send signals
and receive a
response. The entire IOT system is in play to guide automated actions.
https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem
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Sensor
• Sensors are a very important component of IoT Systems.
• Sensors are minute, smart and cheap!
• The selection of sensors depends on the purpose you wish to achieve.
• You may want the sensor to be able to detect motion, temperature, pressure,
smoke or any other such trigger.
• The choice of sensors also depends on their accuracy, reliability of results,
the range at which they should work, resolution and level of intelligence which
in other words means their ability to deal with noise and interference.
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Components of an IoT System
• Actuators
• Actuators work opposite to that of sensors. While sensors, sense; actuators act. They receive a signal or a
command and, on its basis, they cause an action. While a microcontroller executes a program, actuators, sensors
and a digital to analog converters aren’t execute a program.
• They are as crucial as sensors as once the sensors have detected a change in the environment, an actuator is
required to make something happen based on the trigger.
• As an example, actuators may control the heating and cooling in a smart air conditioner or the valve in a smart tap.
• As soon as sensors detect that a person has exited an area, the actuator will be triggered to stop the flow of air
conditioning or the flow of water in the case of a tap.
• There are multiple types of actuators depending on the vertical and usage. Stepper motor, a fan and a Led are
some example type of actuators.
• They may be required to turn something on or off, but they can also control valves and perform actions such as
turning or gripping which has great beneficial value in industrial
applications.
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Components of an IoT System
• 2. Connectivity
• IoT is a network involving devices, sensors, cloud and actuators and all these needs to interconnect
with one another to be able to decipher data and consequently perform an action.
• Protocols
• Once the data has been collected by the sensors, it requires a medium for transport.
• In other words, a communication channel is necessary between sensors and the cloud.
• IoT protocols are responsible for transferring data in the online world and this transmission can only
be possible if two devices are safely connected.
• IoT standards and protocols involve an invisible language allowing physical objects to communicate
with one another.
• Incoming, raw data from the sensors must pass through gateways to reach the cloud.
• Gateways translate network protocols ensuring seamless communication of all devices within the
network.
17https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem
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Components of an IoT System
• Protocols
• The choice of network depends on factors such as power
consumption, speed of data transfer, range, bandwidth and
overall efficiency.
• Some of the most popular IoT wireless protocols and standards
include Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, DDS, MQTT, cellular,
etc.
• These and other channels make it easy as well as secure to
transfer and exchange data to the next IoT layer for processing.
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Components of an IoT System
• IoT gateways
• Essentially this makes the gateways a crucial communication
point and is responsible for easy management of data traffic.
• Moreover, gateways offer security by protecting the system
from unauthorized access and malicious attacks.
• It can also be considered as a security layer as the data flowing
through it protected by the latest encryption practices.
• Gateways can also preprocess data from the sensors before
sending it to the cloud, in other words, they minimize th15)e
large volumes of data ‘sensed’ in the previous stage.
• Not all, but some intelligent IoT gateways could also analyze
and average data to transfer only the relevant data to the cloud.
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Components of an IoT System
• IoT
cloud
• Clouds make information effectively available real-time data analysis for the consumers by
use of devices, protocols, gateway and storage.
• Once the data has been collected and it has traveled to the cloud, it needs to be
processed.
• Main purpose of IoT solutions is to provide and act on real-time information, there needs to
be a component that can handle enormous amounts of data to cater to the time-sensitive
nature of the IoT model, this is where cloud systems come into play.
• IoT cloud handles the data, stores and process it and makes decisions to make or break a
deal.
• Clouds form the brain of the IoT system as they are typically responsible for processing,
commanding or taking analytics into account for the collected data.
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Components of an IoT System
• IoT analytics and data management
• Data holds immense power that can pose a huge effect on any business, IoT Analytics is
used to make sense of the vast amounts of analog data.
• This for example can include the determination of key performance indicators in a certain
application where one may be interested in viewing errors or irregularities in real-time.
• To put it differently, analytics involves converting raw data into useful insights that later are
interpreted or analyzed to drive decision making.
• Data analytics helps determine vital business insights; deep learning models can be used
for predictive analysis and make useful business decisions.
• Analytics requires storage power and intelligent computation to be able to make sense of
any data, tasks such as this can be hosted on the cloud, depending on the IoT architecture.
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Components of an IoT System
• End-user devices and user interface
• The user interface is the visible component that is easily accessible and in control of the IoT user.
This is where a user can control the system and set their preferences.
• The more user-friendly this component of the IoT ecosystem is, the easier is a user’s interaction.
• A user may interact with the system via the device itself, or this interaction can be conducted
remotely via smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
• Smart home systems such as Amazon Alexa or Google Home etc. also allow users to communicate
with their “things”.
• Design is a major consideration in today’s fast-paced world and one IoT device can set itself apart
from a competitor based on a strong design.
• Touch interfaces, use of colors, font, voice, and more are some of the factors that come to play here.
22https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem
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Technical View of Internet of Things
• Simple schematic
Sensors
Local Processing
Local Storage
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
TNetwork
CLOUD PROCESSING
CLOUD STORAGE
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Internet of Things Simple schematic
Se
ns
or
s
Th
in
gs
Actuator
Output Devices
Microcontroller
Intel
Arduino
Raspberry Pi
LiBlium
IBM + RAM
Gateway
+ 5 V
– GND
cloud
Real Word Data
N
Network
Device to device Device to Server Server to Server
Communication Protocols
BLE/ZigBee (
80
2.15.4) Standard
Wi-Fi, IP6LOWPAN
MQTT/COAP/HTTP/LoRa
MQTT/HTTP with node.js
Web-socket/Broker
Python
Get Values with Analytical
https://w
w
w
.youtube.com
/w
atch?v=M
kW
8TU
0jcSk
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How IoT Works-step by step
1. Gateway, actual hardware, is
central point
2. Gateway gets information from
sensors as input
3. Gateway processes this
information
4. If needed, this information stores
in Gateway
5. The processed information forwarded
to cloud via IoT platform
6. After process of this information in cloud, it might be forwarded to
mobile applications or any dynamic
webpages
7. Based on this information which comes from sensors, mobile user
sends specific command to actuator
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How IoT Works-step by step
Gateway, actual hardware, is
central point
Microcontroller
Intel
Arduino
Raspberry Pi
LiBlium
IBM + RAM
Gateway
Example: Raspberry Pi
A gateway is a hardware device that acts as a “gate” between
two networks. It may be a router, firewall, server, or other device
that enables traffic to flow in and out of the network.
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How IoT Works-step by step
Gateway gets information from
sensors as input
Microcontroller
Intel
Arduino
Raspberry Pi
LiBlium
IBM + RAM
Gateway
Se
ns
or
s + 5 V
– GND
Real Word
Data
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How IoT Works-step by step
Gateway processes this
information
If needed, this information stores
in Gateway
Microcontroller
Intel
Arduino
Raspberry Pi
LiBlium
IBM + RAM
Gateway
Se
ns
or
s + 5 V
– GND
Real Word
Data
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How IoT Works-step by step
The processed information forwarded
to cloud via IoT platform
Microcontroller
Intel
Arduino
Raspberry Pi
LiBlium
IBM + RAM
G
at
ew
ay
cloud
N
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How IoT Works-step by step
After process of this
information in cloud, it
might be forwarded
to mobile applications
or any dynamic
webpages
Networkcloud
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How IoT Works-step by step
Based on this information which comes from sensors, mobile
user sends specific command to actuator
Networkcloud
Actuator
Output Devices
Microcontroller
Intel
Arduino
Raspberry Pi
LiBlium
IBM + RAM
G
at
ew
ay N
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Example-Home Automation
1. Basic temperature control
which sends real data
continually to temperature
controller.
2. IoT based temperature
control which sends real
data continually or within
interval of threshold to
Cloud.
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Example-Home Automation
1. Suppose we have basic temperature control which sends real
data continually or within interval of threshold to Cloud.
2. For example, if temperature becomes behind
35
or 40 degree, it should
send information to Cloud.
3. Front user get information from Cloud on mobile or webpages
4. At this time user from mobile application not only can see the
temperature, but can send a commend to actuators for new setup or
command to make on or off the temperature controller
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IoT based temperature control
Sensor Gateway Cloud
Desired home temperature
Signals
Systems
Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication
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• The Steps Involved
Around IoT
1. Data Ingestion
2. Data Transmission
3. Data Processing
4. Data Visualization
5. Data Analysis And
Prediction
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The Steps Involved Around IoT
1- Data Ingestion
• IoT devices/sensors collect data from the
environment.
• The data can be as simple
as temperature/humidity, or it can be as
complex as a full video feed.
• The data needs to be sent to the cloud to
be analyzed. But it needs a way to get
there.
Almost 5 quintillion bytes of data produced
every day by IoT devices.
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The Steps Involved Around IoT
2- Data Transmission
• The data is transmitted to
the cloud via Gateways (Telemetry Devices).
• The gateways use both cellular as well
as satellite communication to transmit the
data.
• To ensure data security, protocols such as
Bluetooth, Sig Fox, LoRa, NB-IoT, ZigBee,
COAP, REST, DDS, MQIT, XMPP, etc. are
used.
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The Steps Involved Around IoT
3- Data Processing
• Once the data gets to the cloud,
the IoT platform processes it.
• The processing can be as simple as
checking if the temperature is within
the acceptable range or it could
be very complex, such as
using computer vision on the video to
identify objects.
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The Steps Involved Around IoT
4- Data Visualization
• The processed data (Information) is
made to the end-user by
providing alerts to the user (E-Mails,
text, notification).
• The user might have
an application (interface) that allows
him to proactively check in to the
system.
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The Steps Involved Around IoT
5- Data Analysis And Prediction
• To utilize the data collected over time, data
analytics makes use of the historical data
to provide actionable insights.
• Insights help in predicting future
events that may occur.
• You can make intelligent business
decisions based on the insights and
predictions generated from the data.
40https://appscrip.com/blog/how-internet-of-things-works-process-explained/
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How it works-step by step
• Use different sensors based on your
applications.
•First Step: Sensor Data goes
toward the Gateway
• In Gateway we use open source (using
open source is an advantage!)
hardware like; Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
LiBlium and IBM + RAM
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How it works-step by step
•Second Step: Data from Gateway goes to the Cloud via Network.
• The Network is doing a very important task between Gateway hardware
and Claud platform which is needed for IoT Applications.
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How it works-step by step
• Note: How hardware can be integrated with software in IoT
platform is the confusing part.
• Converting any hardware to IoT platform by IoT Cloud platform
of Microsoft OR IBM is one solution!
• Therefore, in network, you have to understand complete OS
model with reference TCP/IP stack model and massage
protocol on every layer.
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How it works-step by step
•Third Step: From the Cloud this Data can be forwarded to user
mobile or webpage Application for monitoring Data and or sending a
command to actuator!
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How it works-step by step
• Cloud computing
will be a major part
of IoT, especially
by making all of the
connected devices
work together.
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3 Majors Communication Layers
•
Device to Device (D2D) Communication Layer
•
Device to Server (D2S) Communication Layer
•
Server to Server (S2S) Communication Layer
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Internet of Things Architecture
Se
ns
or
s
Th
in
gs
Actuator
Output Devices
Microcontroller
Intel
Arduino
Raspberry Pi
LiBlium
IBM + RAM
Gateway
+ 5 V
– GND
cloud
Real Word Data
N
Network
Device to device Device to Server Server to Server
Communication Protocols
BLE/ZigBee (802.15.4) Standard
Wi-Fi, IP6LOWPAN
MQTT/COAP/HTTP/LoRa
MQTT/HTTP with node.js
Web-socket/Broker
Python
Get Values with Analytical
https://w
w
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.youtube.com
/w
atch?v=M
kW
8TU
0jcSk
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Device to Device (D2D) Communication Layer
• We should understand every layer of communication technology
• We need wireless communication to integrate sensors data to Gateways
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Device to Device (D2D) Communication Layer
• To make wireless we need to
use different connectivity and
protocol such as; ZigBee, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth,…, and RF modules.
• We need to investigate and
using experiences of experts to
find the appropriate protocol
technology.
BLE/ZigBee (802.15.4) Standard
Wi-Fi, IP6LOWPAN
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Internet of Things Architecture
Se
ns
or
s
Th
in
gs
Microcontroller
Intel
Arduino
Raspberry Pi
LiBlium
IBM + RAM
Gateway
+ 5 V
– GND
cloud
Real Word Data
N
Device to Server
• D2S communication integrates Data from gateways to IoT
Claud platform (Here Network is doing an important rule)
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Device to Server (D2S) Communication Layer
• In Network there are massaging protocols for sending Data from
Gateway to Cloud
• While sending Data from hardware Gateway to Cloud may be arises
major issue such as; IoT security, power consumption and
Interoperability, which can be reduced right selection of the massaging
protocols for IoT applications
• Here MQTT, COAP, HTTP and LoRa are some massaging protocols
MQTT/COAP/HTTP/LoRa
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Server to Server (S2S) Communication Layer
• S2S communication layer
• We have to host Data to any server.
• Let’s say Gateway Data comes to server, we have
to host it to Data Server
• We therefore need script languages such as PHP,
Java, SQL …, Python in any server side for Data
routed from backend to frontend.
• Frontend can be mobile applications or
webpages MQTT/HTTP with node.js
Web-socket/Broker – Python
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How IoT Works With Key Technologies
• Data management and streaming analytics.
• The Internet of Things puts high demands on data management
for big data streaming from sensors.
• Event stream processing technology – often called streaming
analytics – performs real-time data management and analytics
on IoT data to make it more valuable.
• Key capabilities include filtering, normalization,
standardization, transformation, aggregation, correlation and
temporal analysis.
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How IoT Works With Key Technologies
• Big data analytics. IoT is a major contributor to big data – the
massive volume, velocity and variety of structured and
unstructured data businesses collect every day.
• Getting value from big data in IoT requires big data analytics.
• Related techniques include predictive analytics, text mining,
cloud computing, data mining, data lakes and Hadoop.
• Most organizations use a combination of these techniques to
get the most value possible from IoT.
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How IoT Works With Key Technologies
• Artificial intelligence. Some of the core techniques that AI uses are
machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing and
computer vision.
https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html 55
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Example: IoT in Farming – Smart Farming
• Farmers now can understand and
grow their crops in a much better
way, this reduces cost and money.
• Smart farms have devices that
connect to the internet and provide
all kinds of real time data related to
the crops.
• This information includes soil texture,
moisture balance, pesticide levels,
water levels and livestock wellness.
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Example: IoT Warehouse Management
• Warehouses and Godowns use IoT machinery and devices to keep a track of
their product generation. Using IoT in Inventory reduces time and money.
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How does a smart car function with IoT?
• A smart car is updated with the latest technology.
• Smart cars can provide the shortest route to the destination, and it also
provides the estimated traffic and time to reach the destination.
• The sensor located in your car, alerts you about your surroundings. They
constantly send messages. This helps in accident control.
• Smart cars have automatic temperature control embedded in them. These
sensors are capable of sensing the weather outside and on the basis of the
information it adjusts the temperature in the car.
• In a situation where you feel dizzy and sleepy, you can activate automatic
control where the car drives itself. It does this by gathering information
through a network via the internet.
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Practical Example: Agriculture IoT System
An Example
Click
Remember
From
Lecture 1:
An
agriculture
example.
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Example: Agriculture IoT System
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Example: Agriculture IoT System
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Example: Agriculture IoT System
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Example: Agriculture IoT System
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Example: Agriculture IoT System
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Example: Agriculture IoT System
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Example: Agriculture IoT System
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Sample Project Paper:
IoT Based Smart Parking System
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329
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_IoT_Based_Smart_Parking_System
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IoT Based Smart Parking System
• Title: (for example IoT Based Smart Parking System)
• Author(s): for example
Your full name
Student, University of North America
Email: your username@live.uona.edu
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IoT Based Smart Parking System
• Abstract: (for example)
• Keyword: (for example Arduino; IoT; Parking Lot; Traffic Congestion;
Ultrasonic Sensor)
Nowadays congestion of traffic level increases with the increasing
development of population rapidly. With respect to the amount of
population, the utilization of personal vehicles also increased. Due to
more use of cars the traffic congestion occurred on the road. Most of
the people chooses personal vehicles than public transportation.
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1- INTRODUCTION 2- EXISTING SOLUTIONS
• INTRODUCTION: for example
• EXISTING SOLUTIONS: for example
The recent growth in economy and due to the
availability of low-price cars in the market, every
average middle-class individual can afford a car,
which is good thing, however the consequences of
heavy traffic jams, pollution, less availability of roads
and spot to drive the motor car.
At present some countries have portals which users can gain information about parking
areas via the Internet. This system can give user the information about parking space,
but it won’t be able to give which parking slot is vacant and occupied. Hence, such
system cannot smartly handle the issue
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3- Motivation 4- DESIGN MODEL
• MOTIVATION OF THIS PAPER: for example
• DESIGN MODEL
a) Block Diagram: for example
The main motivation of this project is to reduce the
traffic jam that occurs in the urban areas which are
caused by vehicles searching for parking.
The proposed system is the
combination of smart parking and the
Slot allocation with the web
application.
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4- DESIGN MODEL (continue)
b) Flowchart: for example
c) Circuit Diagram: for examle
The figure shows a flowchart of proposed system
that will be clarifying the system very well.
The figure shows a Circuit Diagram of proposed
system that will be clarifying the system very well.
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5- WORKING PRINCIPLE
• WORKING PRINCIPLE: for example
• Arduino is the brain for the whole system. It
controls and watches over all the components.
• The ultrasonic sensors will be placed in the
parking slots that will encounter the presence of
the cars inside the parking slots.
• One sensor will be placed beside the main
entrance of the parking lot.
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6- HARDWARE COMPONENTS
• HARDWARE COMPONENTS: for example
a) Arduino Mega 2560
b) Ethernet Shield
c) Ultrasonic sensor
The hardware realization of the proposed IoT based smart parking
system using LAN Server and Arduino is detailed below.
The Arduino MEGA 2560 is designed for projects that want
more I/O lines, more sketch memory and more RAM.
Ethernet Shield allows internet connectivity for Arduino
projects instantly.
A great ultrasonic sensor is a device that measures the length
for an object using ultrasonic sound waves.
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7- PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
• PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION: for example
The picture shows the miniature model of the Automated
Car Parking Lot.
This model has the capacity of containing four cars.
There are two sensors at the entrance to detect the
presence of car before going inside or outside of the
parking lot.
The other four sensors are plotted inside the parking lot
to detect the car individually for each parking slot.
A DC Servo motor has been used at the entrance to open
and close the gate according to the signals sent by the
sensors through Arduino.
Online view of system
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8- SYSTEM TESTING
• SYSTEM TESTING: for example
Different cases have been explained and showed through the pictures in the
following sections.
Case One
This case shows that all the parking slots are empty and
therefore, the system will allow a car to enter in to the
parking lot.
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8- SYSTEM TESTING
• SYSTEM TESTING: for example
Case Two
This case shows that only one car is
parked inside the garage and rest of the
slots are empty. Therefore, the system will
allow a car to enter in to the parking lot.
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8- SYSTEM TESTING
• SYSTEM TESTING: for example
Case Three
This case shows that two cars are parked inside
the garage and rest of the slots are empty.
Therefore, the system will allow a car to enter
into the parking lot.
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8- SYSTEM TESTING
• SYSTEM TESTING: for example
Case Four
This case shows that three
cars are parked inside the
garage and only one slot is
remained empty. Therefore,
the system will allow a car to
enter into the parking lot.
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8- SYSTEM TESTING
• SYSTEM TESTING: for example
Case Five
This case shows that four cars
are parked inside the garage
and there is no empty slot.
Therefore, the system will
not allow a car to enter into
the parking lot.
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Conclusion
• In conclusion, IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings,
and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity which
enables these objects to connect and exchange data with one another.
• These devices can be controlled remotely and can communicate with each other and with a
central system, such as a smartphone app or a computer program.
• The data collected by these devices can then be used to make decisions and automate
processes.
• The process of IoT works by sensing, connecting, processing, storing, analyzing and acting,
monitoring, and updating which is constantly monitored to ensure that the system is
working properly and to identify any issues that need to be addressed.
• Using simulation tools like Cisco Packet Tracer can be a good way to understand how IoT
works in a controlled environment.
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Conclusion
• IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT
gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to
be analyzed or analyzed locally.
• Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and
act on the information they get from one another.
• First, sensors or devices collect data from their environment.
• Next, that data is sent to the cloud.
• Once the data gets to the cloud, software performs processing on it.
• Next, the information is made useful to the end-user in some way.
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References
• 5 Components of an IoT Ecosystem
• https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem
• How IoT Works? (WEB)
• https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/how-iot-works/
• How Does Internet of Things Work? (WEB)
• https://businesstechplanet.com/how-does-internet-of-things-work/
• Artificial Intelligence, what it is and why it matters
• https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html
• A Beginner’s Guide to The Internet of Things (IoT) 2022
• https://www.wevolver.com/article/a-beginners-guide-to-the-internet-of-things-iot-2022
• How IoT Works.
• https://appscrip.com/blog/how-internet-of-things-works-process-explained/
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