Principles of Kinesiology

Due by 1.9

Assignment: Dance Video Analysis

• Find a Dance Video online and select a 3-second segment.  From this 3-second segment dance sequence analyze the dancer’s movements.  Include a link to the dance video used and the 3-second time frame analyzed. (10pts)
• Using knowledge from Chapters 1 and 2, discuss in at least 10 sentences the movements observed and the associated Joints (see table 1.2 and 2.3). (20pts) This response needs to be in your own words and sources cited. 
• Select 10 DIFFERENT joints used in dance moves associated in the 3-second segment and construct a table as seen on pg. 41 of the physical textbook (see below): (50pts)

Please use the text when possible and remember to cite your sources.

Tables should be composed as the book examples. Tables not properly filled out will not receive the credit please reference the book.

Name of Joint

Type of Joint

Starting Position

Observed Joint Action

Plane of Motion

Axis of Motion

kinesiology physiology

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE
STUDY OF KINESIOLOGY

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE
STUDY OF KINESIOLOGY

KINESIOLOGY
Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens
Presentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC
Humboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

KINESIOLOGY
Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens
Presentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC
Humboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

1-2

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

 Define kinesiology & explain its importance to the
student of human motion.

 Describe major components of a kinesiology
analysis.

 Describe a selected motor skill;
 breaking it down into component phases.
 identifying starting and ending points.

 Determine simultaneous-sequential nature of
movement skills.

 Classify motor skills.
 State the mechanical purpose of movement skills

 Define kinesiology & explain its importance to the
student of human motion.

 Describe major components of a kinesiology
analysis.

 Describe a selected motor skill;
 breaking it down into component phases.
 identifying starting and ending points.

 Determine simultaneous-sequential nature of
movement skills.

 Classify motor skills.
 State the mechanical purpose of movement skills

1-3

KINESIOLOGYKINESIOLOGY

 The study of human movement from the
point of view of the physical sciences.
 Mechanics: Biomechanics
 Anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy
 Physiology: Neuromuscular physiology

 Every structure that participates in
movements of the body does so according to
physical and physiological principles.

 The study of human movement from the
point of view of the physical sciences.
 Mechanics: Biomechanics
 Anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy
 Physiology: Neuromuscular physiology

 Every structure that participates in
movements of the body does so according to
physical and physiological principles.

1-4

SAFETY, EFFECTIVENESS
& EFFICIENCY
SAFETY, EFFECTIVENESS
& EFFICIENCY

The underlying aim of kinesiology is:
 Safety: structure movements to avoid doing

harm to the body.
 Effectiveness: success or failure of meeting

goals of per

form

ance.
 Efficiency: striving to achieve movement

goal with least amount of effort.

The underlying aim of kinesiology is:
 Safety: structure movements to avoid doing

harm to the body.
 Effectiveness: success or failure of meeting

goals of performance.
 Efficiency: striving to achieve movement

goal with least amount of effort.

1-5

METHODS OF STUDY
CONTROLLED LABORATORY STUDIES
METHODS OF STUDY
CONTROLLED LABORATORY STUDIES

 Help students gain understanding of the
nature & complexity of human motion.

 Primarily qualitative in beginning.
 Advanced study include EMG, motion

capture, force transducers & computer
analysis equipment.

 As technology advances, new abilities
increase the depth of knowledge and
understanding.

 Help students gain understanding of the
nature & complexity of human motion.

 Primarily qualitative in beginning.
 Advanced study include EMG, motion

capture, force transducers & computer
analysis equipment.

 As technology advances, new abilities
increase the depth of knowledge and
understanding.

1-6

METHODS OF STUDY
ANALYSIS UNDER EVERYDAY CONDITIONS
METHODS OF STUDY
ANALYSIS UNDER EVERYDAY CONDITIONS

 Students learn how to apply a
knowledge of kinesiology.

 Develop qualitative skills necessary for
accurate observation, diagnosis, and
treatment of faulty motor performance.

 Students learn how to apply a
knowledge of kinesiology.

 Develop qualitative skills necessary for
accurate observation, diagnosis, and
treatment of faulty motor performance.

1-7

COMPONENTS OF ANALYSISCOMPONENTS OF ANALYSIS

 Describing a skill in a logical fashion.
Breaking it down into its elements.
Determining which elements are critical to SEE

principle for performance.
 Evaluating performance

 Identifying errors in performance.
 Identifying the sources of error.

 Prescribing corrections based on appropriate
identification of cause.

 Describing a skill in a logical fashion.
Breaking it down into its elements.
Determining which elements are critical to SEE

principle for performance.
 Evaluating performance

 Identifying errors in performance.
 Identifying the sources of error.

 Prescribing corrections based on appropriate
identification of cause.

1-8

KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)
KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)

A. Description of the motor skill performance
1. Primary purpose of the skill

 Applicable references to speed, accuracy, form,
etc.

A. Description of the motor skill performance
1. Primary purpose of the skill

 Applicable references to speed, accuracy, form,
etc.

speed
speed &

accuracy

accuracy

form

1-9

KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)
KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)

A. Description of the motor skill performance
2. Movement phases

 break down motion into “phases”

A. Description of the motor skill performance
2. Movement phases

 break down motion into “phases”

Fig 1.2
preparation power follow through

1-10

KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)
KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)

A. Description of the motor skill performance
3. Classification of the skill

 Classification provides clues to the nature of
anatomical & mechanical requirements of a group
of skills.

A. Description of the motor skill performance
3. Classification of the skill

 Classification provides clues to the nature of
anatomical & mechanical requirements of a group
of skills.

1-11

KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSISKINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

A. Description of the motor skill performance
4. Simultaneous-sequential nature of motion

 Simultaneous – segments move as one
 Sequential – segments move in an orderly

sequence

A. Description of the motor skill performance
4. Simultaneous-sequential nature of motion

 Simultaneous – segments move as one
 Sequential – segments move in an orderly

sequence

Fig 1.4

simultaneous sequential

1-12

KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)
KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)

B. Anatomical analysis
1. Joint actions & segment motions:

 Joints involved, and exact movements in the skill?
 Any limited range of motion?
 Refer to Table 1.2

2. Muscle participation & form of contraction:
 Muscles producing joint actions?
 Type of contraction?

B. Anatomical analysis
1. Joint actions & segment motions:

 Joints involved, and exact movements in the skill?
 Any limited range of motion?
 Refer to Table 1.2

2. Muscle participation & form of contraction:
 Muscles producing joint actions?
 Type of contraction?

1-13

 Anatomical Analysis Model

Joint Joint
Action

Segment
Moved

Plane &
Axis

Force Contraction
Type

Prime
Movers

1-14

KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)
KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)

B. Anatomical analysis
3. Neuromuscular considerations

 Which neuromuscular mechanisms are involved?
 What is the nature of involvement?

B. Anatomical analysis
3. Neuromuscular considerations

 Which neuromuscular mechanisms are involved?
 What is the nature of involvement?

1-15

KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)
KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
(TABLE 1.1)

B. Anatomical analysis
4. Anatomical principles related to effective &

safe performance:
 Which anatomical principles contribute to

efficiency & accuracy?
 Which principles are related to avoidance of

injury?

B. Anatomical analysis
4. Anatomical principles related to effective &

safe performance:
 Which anatomical principles contribute to

efficiency & accuracy?
 Which principles are related to avoidance of

injury?

1-16

KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSISKINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
C. Mechanical analysis

1. Underlying mechanics objective(s)
 Balance: regain stability, attain mobility

 Jump stop, track start
 Locomotion: travel

 Walking, running, skipping
 Projection: height, range & accuracy

 Pole vault, long jump, throwing
 Manipulation: objects or resistance

 Weightlifting, writing
 Maximum effort: speed, power, & force

 Sprinting, power lift, blocking

C. Mechanical analysis
1. Underlying mechanics objective(s)

 Balance: regain stability, attain mobility
 Jump stop, track start

 Locomotion: travel
 Walking, running, skipping

 Projection: height, range & accuracy
 Pole vault, long jump, throwing

 Manipulation: objects or resistance
 Weightlifting, writing

 Maximum effort: speed, power, & force
 Sprinting, power lift, blocking

1-17

C.Mechanical Analysis
2. Nature of the forces causing or impeding motion.

 Internal forces
 External forces
 Modifying forces

3. Identify the critical elements.
4. Mechanical principles that apply

 Concerning safety.
 Concerning effectiveness.
 Concerning efficiency

CHAPTER 2:
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:

FRAMEWORK AND MOVEMENTS

KINESIOLOGY
Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens
Presentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC
Humboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

2-2

MUSCULOSKELETAL FRAMEWORK

 An arrangement of bones, joints, and
muscles.

 Acts as a lever system allowing for a great
number of coordinated movements.

 An anatomical lever is a bone that engages
in movement when force is applied to it.

 The force is from a muscle attached to the
bone or an external force (gravity or weight).

 Muscles can produce motion only by
shortening.

2-3

THE BONES

 Skeleton: provides
support, muscle
attachment, &
protection

 Axial: skull, spinal
column, sternum,
and ribs

 Appendicular: upper
and lower extremities

Fig 2.1

2-4

THE BONES:

SKELETAL CHANGES

 Growth
 Osteogenesis
 Initial matrix
 Osteoblasts form bone on matrix.
 Bone forms in response to loading stress.

 Degeneration
 Osteoclasts reabsorb bone in the absence of stress.
 Bones become more porous and brittle; osteoporosis.

2-5

THE BONES:

 Bone types
Two types allow bone to

be strong, yet light.
Compact: dense outer

bone
Cancellous: open,

spongy looking inner
bone

Fig. 2.2

2-6

TYPES OF BONES

 Long: shaft or body with a medullary
canal, and relatively broad, knobby ends
 Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius, etc.

 Short: relatively small, chunky, solid
 Carpals and tarsals

 Flat: flat & plate like
 Sternum, scapulae, ribs, pelvis

 Irregular: bones of spinal column
 Vertebrae, sacrum, & coccyx

2-7

MECHANICAL AXIS OF A BONE

 A straight line that
connects the midpoint of
the joint at one end of a
bone with the midpoint of
the joint at the other end.

 The axis may lie outside
the shaft.

Fig 2.3

2-8

SKELETAL CHANGES

 Epiphysis is a part of a bone separated from the
main bone by a layer of cartilage.

 Epiphyseal cartilage is where growth occurs.
 When this cartilage ossifies and closure is

complete, no more growth can occur.
 Tables 2.1 & 2.2: ages of ossification
 Need to be aware of epiphyseal injuries in children

& adolescents.

2-9

ARTICULATIONS

 Structure and function of joints are so
interrelated that it is difficult to discuss
them separately.

 The configuration of the bones that form
an articulation, together with the
reinforcing ligaments, determine and limit
the movements of the joint.

2-10

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

 Based on presence or absence of a joint
cavity:
Diarthrosis or Synarthrosis

 Further classified either by shape or nature
of the tissues that connect the bones.

2-11

DIARTHROSIS: CHARACTERISTICS

 Articular cavity
 Ligamentous

capsule
 Synovial membrane
 Surfaces are

smooth
 Surfaces covered

with cartilage Fig 2.5

2-12

DIARTHROSIS: CLASSIFICATION
 Irregular joint: irregular surfaces, flat or slightly curved,

permits gliding movement.
 Hinge joint: convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits

flexion/extension.
 Pivot joint: a peg-like pivot, permits rotation.
 Condyloid joint: oval or egg-shape convex surface fits into a

reciprocal concave surface, biaxial, permits
flexion/extension, ab & adduction, and circumduction.

 Saddle: modification of condyloid, both surfaces are convex
and concave, biaxial, permits flexion/extension, ab &
adduction, and circumduction.

 Ball-and-socket: head of one bone fits into the cup of the
other bone.

2-13

TYPE OF JOINTS

Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid
Intercarpal Elbow Atlantoaxial Radiocarpal

Condyloid Saddle Ball & Socket Ball & Socket
MCP joint Thumb Shoulder Hip

2-14

SYNARTHROSIS: CHARACTERISTICS

 No articular cavity, no capsule, synovial
membrane or synovial fluid.

 In two types, bones are united by cartilage or
fibrous tissue.

 Third type, not a true joint, but is a
ligamentous connection between bones.

2-15

SYNARTHROSIS: CLASSIFICATION

 Cartilaginous joint: united by fibrocartilage
permits bending & twisting motions.

 Fibrous joint: edges of bone are united by a
thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement
permitted.

 Ligamentous joints: two bodies are tied
together by ligaments, permits limited
movement of no specific type.

2-16

JOINT STABILITY
 Function of joints is to provide a means of moving or, rather, of being

moved.
 Secondary functions is to provide stability without interfering with the

desired motions.
 All joints do not have the same degree of stability.

 Emerson’s law: “For everything that is given, something is taken”.
 Movement is gained at the expense of stability.

 Resistance to displacement
 Factors responsible for stability

 Bony structure
 Ligamentous arrangement
 Muscle tension
 Fascia
 Atmospheric pressure

2-17

SHAPE OF BONY STRUCTURE

 May refer to kind of joint:
Hinge, condyloid, pivot, or ball-and-socket

 Or specific characteristics of a joint:
Depth of socket

More stable,
less mobile

More mobile,
less stable

2-18

LIGAMENTOUS ARRANGEMENTS

 Ligaments are strong, flexible, stress-
resistant, somewhat elastic, fibrous tissues
that form bands or cords.

 Join bone to bone.
 Help maintain relationship of bones.
 Check movement at normal limits of joint.
 Resist movements for which joint is not

constructed.
 Will stretch when subject to prolonged

stress.
 Once stretched, their function is affected.

2-19

MUSCULAR ARRANGEMENT

 Muscles that span joints
aid in stability.

 Especially when bony
structure contributes
little to stability.

Fig 5.13

Muscles acting to stabilize the
shoulder

2-20

FASCIA AND SKIN

 Fascia consists of fibrous connective tissue.
 May form thin membranes or tough, fibrous

sheets.
 Intense or prolonged stress may cause

permanent stretch.
 Iliotibial tract and thick skin covering the knee

joint are examples.

2-21

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

 Negative pressure in joint capsule forms a
vacuum.

 The suction created is an important factor in
resisting dislocation of a joint.

 Key in hip and shoulder joints.

2-22

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RANGE OF MOTION
(ROM)
 Three factors that affect the stability of a joint are

also related to its ROM:
1. Shape of articular surfaces.
2. Restraining effect of ligaments.
3. Muscles and tendons (single most important

factor).
 Flexibility should not exceed muscle’s ability to

maintain integrity of joint.
 Additional factors include: injury or disease,

gender, body build, heredity, occupation, exercise,
and age.

2-23

METHODS OF ASSESSING A JOINT’S RANGE OF
MOTION

 Measure degrees from starting position to
its maximal movement.

 Goniometer: axis placed directly over
center of joint, one arm held stationary,
other arm held to moving segment.

Fig 2.7

2-24

METHODS OF ASSESSING A JOINT’S RANGE OF
MOTION

 Videotape: joint centers
are marked to be visible
in projected image.

 Joint angles can be taken
from images.

 Segment action must
occur in picture plane.

Fig 2.8 85°

91°

2-25

AVERAGE RANGES OF JOINT MOTION

 Ranges vary and it is difficult to establish
norms.

 Age, gender, body build, and level of
activity may all be factors.

 Four sets of ranges are presented in table
2.4.

 Illustration of joint ROM for most
fundamental movements are found in
Appendix B.

2-26

ORIENTATION OF THE BODY

Center of Gravity: imaginary point
representing the weight center of an object

Line of Gravity: imaginary vertical line
that passes through the center of gravity

2-27

ORIENTATION OF THE BODY
PLANES OF THE BODY

Fig
2.8

Sagittal Frontal Transverse

2-28

ORIENTATION OF THE BODY
AXES OF MOTION

 Bilateral: axis passes horizontally from side to
side; perpendicular to sagittal plane.

 Anteroposterior or AP: axis passes horizontally
from front to back; perpendicular to frontal plane.

 Vertical: axis is perpendicular to the ground and
transverse plane.

 Rotation occurs in a plane and around an axis.
 Axis of movement is always at right angles to the

plane in which it occurs.

2-29

ORIENTATION OF THE BODY
STANDARD STARTING POSITIONS

Fig 2.10

Fundamental
Standing
Position

Anatomical
Standing
Position

2-30

FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS
SAGITTAL PLANE ABOUT A BILATERAL
AXIS

Flexion: reduction in joint angle.
 Examples:

 Tipping the head forward
 Lifting the foot & leg backward from knee
 Raising entire lower extremity forward-

upward as though kicking
 Raising forearm straight forward
 Elbow straight, raising entire upper extremity

forward-upward

2-31

FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS
SAGITTAL PLANE ABOUT A BILATERAL
AXIS

Extension: return movement from flexion.
Hyperflexion: arm is flexed beyond vertical.
Hyperextension: continuation of extension

beyond starting position.
Reduction of Hyperextension: return

movement from hyperextension.

2-32

JOINT MOTIONS IN THE SAGITTAL PLANE AROUND A BILATERAL
AXIS.

2-33

FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS
FRONTAL PLANE ABOUT AN AP AXIS

Abduction: movement away from the midline.
Adduction: return movement from abduction.
Lateral Flexion: lateral bending of head or trunk.
Hyperabduction: arm abducted beyond vertical.
Hyperadduction: move across in front of the body.
Reduction of Hyperadduction: return movement.
Reduction of Lateral Flexion: return movement.

2-34

JOINT MOTIONS IN THE FRONTAL PLANE AROUND AN ANTERO-
POSTERIOR AXIS.

2-35

FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS
TRANSVERSE PLANE ABOUT A VERTICAL
AXIS
(Point of reference for the upper extremities is the

midpoint of the fundamental (not anatomic) position.)

Rotation Left & Right: rotation of head, neck, or
pelvis.

Lateral & Medial Rotation: rotation of thigh and
upper arm.

Supination & Pronation: rotation of forearm along
long axis.

Reduction of Lateral Rotation, Medial Rotation,
Supination, or Pronation: rotation of segment
back to mid-position.

2-36

TORSO MOTION IN THE TRANSVERSE PLANE AROUND A
VERTICAL AXIS.

2-37

FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS
COMBINATION OF PLANES

Circumduction: whole segment describes a
cone.
 arm circling and trunk circling

2-38

NAMING JOINT ACTION IN COMPLEX
MOVEMENTS
 All joint actions are named as if they were

occurring in anatomical position.
 The plane and axis are identified as those

in which the movement actually occurs.
Non-axial Movements
Movements in plane joints are non-axial

gliding movements between articular facets
of spinal column.

2-39

ANALYZING JOINT MOTIONS

 Alignment: optimum alignment should be
based on efficiency, effectiveness, and
safety.

 Range of Motion: ROM demands of an
activity must be compatible to avoid injury.

 Flexibility: reduces internal resistance to
motion.

Text

Fundamentals of Kinesiology
Lecture 01
Professor Berthet

Apparel
Technical
Design

Introduction to the Study of
Kinesiology

&
Anatomical and

Physiological Fundamentals
of Human Motion

The Musculoskeletal
System: The Skeletal

System and its

Movement

(Ch. 1 & 2)

What is Kinesiology?
! The study of human movement from the point of view of

the physical sciences.

! Mechanics: Biomechanics
“Anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy
“Physiology: Neuromuscular physiology

! Every structure that participates in movements of the
body does so according to physical and physiological
principles.

Why Study Kinesiology?

! Safety: structure movements to
avoid doing harm to the body.

! Effectiveness: success or
failure of meeting goals of
performance.

! Efficiency: striving to achieve
movement goal with least
amount of effort.

Why Study Kinesiology?
! Help students gain

understanding of the nature &
complexity of human motion.

! Learn what’s new:
! Advanced study:
! EMG, motion capture, force

transducers & computer
analysis equipment.

! As technology advances, new
abilities increase the depth of
knowledge and understanding.

Why Are You Studying
Kinesiology?
! For sound apparel design

one must understand the
terminology, nature, &
complexity of human
motion.

! In groups come up with
examples of where
understanding motion
is essential to design

Description of the motor skill performance
Classification of the skill:

Classification provides clues to the nature of anatomical & mechanical
requirements of a group of skills.

Simultaneous-sequential nature of motion
✕ Simultaneous – segments move as one
✕ Sequential – segments move in an orderly sequence

Fig 1.4

simultaneous sequential

Mechanical analysis

Underlying mechanics objective(s)

✕ Balance: regain stability, attain mobility

✕ Locomotion: travel

✕ Projection: height, range & accuracy

✕ Manipulation: objects or resistance

✕ Maximum effort: speed, power, & force

In groups lets break down some activities to fit in these categories

Mechanical analysis

Underlying mechanics objective(s)
✕ Balance: regain stability, attain mobility

# Jump stop, track start
✕ Locomotion: travel

# Walking, running, skipping
✕ Projection: height, range & accuracy

# Pole vault, long jump, throwing
✕ Manipulation: objects or resistance

# Weightlifting, writing
✕ Maximum effort: speed, power, & force

# Sprinting, power lift, blocking

Musculoskeletal Framework

! An arrangement of:

! bones
! joints
! Muscles.

! The force is from a muscle
attached to the bone or an
external force (gravity or weight).

! Muscles can produce motion only
by shortening.

Musculoskeletal Framework

! Acts as a lever system
allowing for a great number of
coordinated movements.

! An anatomical lever is a bone
that engages in movement
when force is applied to it.

Skeletal
Framework
! Skeleton

! Provides:

! support

! muscle attachment

! protection
Fig 2.1

Skeletal Framework

!Axial:

!skull
!spinal column
!sternum
! ribs

!Appendicular:

!upper & lower
extremities

Skeletal Framework
! Growth

“Osteogenesis

“Initial matrix

“Osteoblasts form
bone on matrix.

“Bone forms in
response to
loading stress.

! Degeneration

! Osteoporosis

“Osteoclasts
reabsorb
bone in the
absence of
stress.

“Bones
become more
porous and
brittle.

Skeletal Framework

Bone Growth and Degeneration

! Bone types

! Two types allow bone to be
strong, yet light.

” Compact: dense outer bone

” Cancellous: open, spongy
looking inner bone

Fig. 2.2

Classification of Bones

!Long

!Short

!Flat

!Irregular

Bone Growth and Degeneration

! Long: shaft or body with a
medullary canal, and
relatively broad, knobby ends
“Femur, tibia, humerus,

ulna, radius, etc.

! Short: relatively small,
chunky, solid
“Carpals and tarsals

Bone Growth and Degeneration

!Flat: flat & plate like
“Sternum, scapulae, ribs,

pelvis

! Irregular: bones of spinal
column
“Vertebrae, sacrum, &

coccyx

Joint Function
! Function of joints is to provide a means of moving or,

rather, of being moved.

! Secondary functions is to provide stability without
interfering with the desired motions.

! All joints do not have the same degree of stability.

Joints

!Cartilaginous joint

!Fibrous joint

!Synovial
(ligamentous joints)

Joints
!Cartilaginous joint:

! United by fibrocartilage permits bending & twisting motions.

Joints

!Fibrous joint:

!Edges of bone are
united by a thin
layer of fibrous
tissue, NO
movement
permitted.

Joints

!Synovial (ligamentous
joints):

!Two bodies are tied
together by ligaments,
permits limited
movement of no specific
type.

Tendons
Vs.

Ligaments

Joint Function
! Emerson’s law: “For everything

that is given, something is taken”.
“Movement is gained at the

expense of stability.

! Resistance to displacement

! Factors responsible for stability
“Bony structure
“Ligamentous arrangement
“Muscle tension
“Fascia (connective tissue)
“Atmospheric pressure

Joint Structure vs. Function

More stable,
less mobile

More mobile,
less stable

Ball and Socket Hip

Ball and Socket Shoulder

The Role of Muscles in Stability

! Muscles that span joints
aid in stability.

! Especially when bony
structure contributes little
to stability.

Muscles acting to stabilize the shoulder

Ligaments
! Ligaments are strong, flexible, stress-resistant, somewhat elastic,

fibrous tissues that form bands or cords.

! Join bone to bone.

! Help maintain relationship of bones.

Ligaments and

Movement

! Check movement at normal
limits of joint.

! Resist movements for which
joint is not constructed.

! Will stretch when subject to
prolonged stress.
” Once stretched, their function is

affected.

Range of Motion (ROM)
! Factors affecting the stability of a

joint are also related to its ROM:

1. Shape of articular surfaces
(musculoskeletal system contact).

2. Restraining effect of ligaments.
3. Muscles and tendons

! Flexibility should not exceed
muscle’s ability to maintain
integrity of joint.

! Additional factors include: injury
or disease, gender, body build,
heredity, occupation, exercise, and
age.

Orientation of Body
!Center of Gravity: imaginary point representing the weight

center of an object

!Line of Gravity: imaginary vertical line that passes through the
center of gravity

Sagittal

Frontal

Transverse

Orientation of Body
!Sagittal plane:

!Divides up:
! Left and right.

!Is perpendicular to the
ground and divides
the body into left and
right.

Movements of Flexion and
Extension around an axis of
Coronal or Frontal and Lateral.

Sagittal

Orientation of Body
!Frontal Plane:

! Divides up:

! Anterior or ventral = front

! Posterior or dorsal = back

Movements of Adbuction and
Adduction around an axis of
Sagittal or Anteroposterior

Frontal

Orientation of Body
!Transverse:

! Divides up:
! top from bottom

! Superior and Inferior

! Axis passes horizontally
from front to back;
perpendicular to frontal
plane.

Moments of rotational in the
vertical axis

Transverse

! Flexion: reduction in joint angle.

! Extension: return movement from flexion.

Movement

Hyperflexion: arm is flexed beyond vertical.

Hyperextension: continuation of extension beyond starting position.

Reduction of Hyperextension: return movement from hyperextension.

Injury

Movement
! Abduction: movement away from the midline.

! Adduction: return movement from abduction.

Movement

! Alignment: optimum
alignment should be based on
efficiency, effectiveness, and
safety.

! Range of Motion: ROM
demands of an activity must
be compatible to avoid injury.

! Flexibility: reduces internal
resistance to motion.

Assignment:

 

Dance Video Analysis

· Find a Dance Video online and select a 3-second segment.  From this 3-second segment dance sequence analyze the dancer’s movements.  
Include a link to the dance video used and the 3-second time frame analyzed. (10pts)

· Using knowledge from Chapters 1 and 2, 
discuss in at least 10 sentences the movements observed and the associated Joints 
(see table 1.2 and 2.3). (20pts) This response needs to be in your own words and sources cited. 

·
Select 10 DIFFERENT joints used in dance moves associated in the 3-second segment and construct a table as seen on 
pg. 41 of the physical textbook (see below): (50pts)

Please use the text when possible and remember to cite your sources.

Tables should be composed as the book examples. Tables not properly filled out will not receive the credit please reference the book.

Name of Joint

Type of Joint

 
 

Starting Position

Observed Joint Action

Plane of Motion

Axis of Motion

Page 41：

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