Replies for peers. Need ONE Response Per Each Discussion Total 12 Responses. Attached Are The Discussions And Rubric Please Follow Them. Posts Will Be A Minimum Of 100 Words, APA Format.One Reference Per Each Discussion

Yordanis Santana Soayero

29 minutes ago, at 7:47 PM

Top of Form

The serotonin modulation pharmacology of intestinal function by the serotonin receptors. The distension by the contents that are intraluminal tends to stimulate the sensory neurons triggering an excitatory reflex that is ascending resulting into contraction plus an inhibitory reflex that is descending resulting into relaxation. With dopamine, at low doses, it ends up stimulating D1 and D2 receptors within the renal vasculature, resulting into vasodilation while promoting the renal blood flow preserving glomerular filtration. At the intermediate doses, the dopamine ends up stimulating β1-receptors on an individual’s heart.

The serotonin are a medication class that are considered effective when in the treatment of depression. A times they are utilized in treating different conditions, like anxiety disorder

plus chronic pain, more so nerve pain. The dopamine antagonists are basically drugs known to bind to plus blocking dopamine receptors in a person’s brain. It shows they either stop or block the next nerve cell from receiving dopamine. Most of the antipsychotic drugs tend to be dopamine antagonists. They are utilized in treating nausea, bipolar disorder, vomiting and schizophrenia (Movassaghi, et.al, 2021). 

Serotonin

is produced naturally by the body. It is necessary for the brain and nerve cells to be functional. However, a lot of serotonin results into signs plus symptoms ranging from mild to severe. With the severe serotonin syndrome may lead to death when not treated. With dopamine, it is considered to be quite effective agents in the management of RLS. However, it might result into the development of some popular difficulties when chronically utilized. These include; compulsive behavior, sleepiness and augmentation.

Serotonin within the brain, nevertheless, interests the psychologists since its role in being a neurotransmitter is known for contributing to lots of crucial functions like playing a role in the mood, more so regarding mood disorders like anxiety plus depression. The dopamine agonists boosts the function or levels of dopamine and are utilized in treating RLS as well as the Parkinson’s disease (Arazi, et.al, 2022). 

Bottom of Form

Robert Alonso

31 minutes ago, at 7:45 PM

Top of Form

Histamine is a neurotransmitter that is released by mast cells in response to a number of stimuli, including histamine metabolites, cytokines and other chemical mediators. The primary function of histamine is to cause an allergic reaction in the body. The most common condition for which this neurotransmitter would be considered for the treatment plan would be for those with non-allergic rhinitis (runny nose). Histamine has been shown to be effective in treating this condition when delivered intravenously or via inhalation. The drug class this neurotransmitter is most closely linked to is antihistamines as they are used to treat allergies and runny noses. The expected outcomes from using this medication would include reduced histamine release by mast cells, decreased allergy symptoms such as sneezing and itching and less mucus production which leads to better breathing and fewer sinus infections. 

On the other side, Melatonin is a hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland in response to darkness. It has been used for centuries as a sleep aid, but it has also been shown to regulate several biological functions including temperature, sleep/wake cycles, and immune function.

Melatonin is known as an antioxidant because it interferes with free radical formation. It also inhibits many free radicals induced cellular responses such as oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. The drug class it is most closely linked to would be Vitamin D analogues because both are involved in immune function and inflammation mediated disorders. Melatonin can be used in the treatment plan for immune related disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn’s disease as well as non-immune related disorders such as insomnia and seasonal affective disorder (SAD).Expected outcomes include improvement in sleep patterns and reduction of symptoms associated with MS or Crohn’s disease including fatigue and muscle pain. Potential side effects include headaches, dizziness and low blood pressure which may occur during pregnancy or if taking high doses over long periods of time

 
Bottom of Form

Obdelis Dominguez

33 minutes ago, at 7:43 PM

NEW

Top of Form

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is involved in a wide range of functions, including mood, anxiety, and appetite. It is most closely linked to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. The expected outcomes of SSRI treatment include an improvement in mood and a reduction in anxiety symptoms. Some potential side effects of SSRIs include nausea, diarrhea, dry mouth, and sexual dysfunction (Herian et al., 2019). 

Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in the body’s stress response, as well as in the regulation of heart rate and blood pressure. It is most closely linked to the class of drugs known as norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), which treat depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The expected outcomes of NRI treatment include an improvement in mood and an increase in focus and attention. Some potential side effects of NRIs include nervousness, dizziness, and increased blood pressure (Olesti et al., 2019).

 These neurotransmitters would be considered for treating conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, and ADHD. 

 
 
Bottom of Form

Marta Garcia Diaz

35 minutes ago, at 7:42 PM

Top of Form

Neurotransmitters

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in various body functions, including mood, appetite, and sleep (Mandola et al., 2019). It can be linked to the antidepressant drug category. The pharmacologic action of serotonin is complex and involves the activation of specific receptors, which leads to various effects on the body. For example, serotonin can act as a vasoconstrictor, meaning it can constrict blood vessels. It can also affect the activity of certain hormones, such as prolactin and cortisol (Mandola et al., 2019). Expected outcomes of serotonin-related therapies include the improvement of mood and anxiety, the reduction of appetite and body weight, and the promotion of sleep. Some potential side effects of serotonin-related therapies include nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, and sexual dysfunction.

Histamine is a neurotransmitter involved in various body functions, including the immune response, inflammation, and blood pressure regulation (Fischer & Ullsperger, 2017). It can be linked to the antihistamine. The pharmacologic action of histamine is complex, depending on a patient’s needs. For example, histamine acts as a vasodilator in some patients, widening blood vessels. It can also affect the secretion of certain hormones, like those involved in the regulation of body temperature. Expected outcomes of histamine-related therapies include improving allergies and inflammation, reducing blood pressure, and promoting gastric acid secretion (Fischer & Ullsperger, 2017). Some potential side effects of histamine-related therapies include drowsiness, dizziness, and gastrointestinal irritation.

`Based on the information provided, serotonin and histamine neurotransmitters could be considered for the treatment of various conditions, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, allergies, inflammation, and hypertension (Mandola et al., 2019). However, it is important to note that the decision to use these neurotransmitters as part of a treatment plan should be made by a healthcare professional after considering the individual patient’s specific needs and medical history.

Bottom of Form

Idalmis Lopez

37 minutes ago, at 7:40 PM

Top of Form

Neurotransmitters Discussion

The neurotransmitter dopamine modulates movement, motivation, and reward (Calabrese et al., 2020). As a result, it plays a role in keeping one’s mood and focuses in check. Antipsychotics are the class of drugs most closely associated with dopamine. Psychotic episodes may be treated with antipsychotics because they inhibit the brain’s dopamine receptors (Calabrese et al., 2020). Antipsychotic medication is used in the hopes that psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions may lessen. Antipsychotic drugs can make people sleepy, make them gain weight, and make it hard for them to move around (Calabrese et al., 2020). Based on these results, dopamine could be used as a therapy to help treat mental health problems like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, which have similar symptoms in the way they cause people to think and act in strange ways and are usually treated with antipsychotic drugs. The intensity of symptoms and the patient’s general health and medical history will determine the individual’s unique course of therapy for these disorders.

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine controls muscular activity, memory, and learning (Bekdash, 2021). It also helps keep blood pressure and heart rate steady. Cholinergics are the class of drugs that study has shown to have the strongest correlation to acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, and cholinergics act by making more of it available in the brain (Bekdash, 2021). People hope that cholinergic drugs will help them improve their memory and other mental skills. Cholinergics may cause drowsiness, sickness, and profuse perspiration. As a result of these findings, acetylcholine may be explored as a therapy option for illnesses like Alzheimer’s disease and glaucoma, which are characterized by alterations in cognitive function and typically treated with cholinergics (Bekdash, 2021). However, the precise treatment approach for every person with these disorders will depend on a number of variables, such as the severity of their symptoms and their general health and medical history.

Bottom of Form

Elizabeth Gonzalez

43 minutes ago, at 7:34 PM

Top of Form

I have selected to discuss dopamine and serotonin

Dopamine

It’s considered to be a neurotransmitter made in the brain that helps in major body functions such as motivation, attention, mood, memory, and many more. The pharmacologic action or mechanism of action would be at low doses, it would preferentially stimulate D1 and D2 receptors preset in the renal vasculature and thus having more vasodilation that would ideally contribute to having more renal blood flow thus helping to preserve glomerular filtration (Zhou & Dani, 2018).

The drug class it is most closely linked to, expected outcomes, and potential side effects.

Dopamine belongs to the class of drugs known as Inotropic agents, for which this drug is noted to be having potential side effects of sleepiness, compulsive behaviors and augmentation, vomiting, nausea, hypertension, cardiac conduction, dyspnea, headache, piloerection, and many more.

Serotonin

It’s considered to be the chemical that normally carries the message between the different nerve cells throughout the body and the brain, whereby it helps the body with digestion, bone health, sexual desires, blood clotting, sleeping pattern, and many more. Its pharmacologic action of it entails the modulation of the intestinal function in which it fulfills the role of neuromodulator and neurotransmitter. It would help on stabilizing the moods and boosting them (Martin et al., 2021).

The drug class it is most closely linked to, expected outcomes, and potential side effects.

Serotonin belongs to the class of drugs effective for treating depression whereby norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) would also help in the treatment of anxiety, ad chronic pain mostly for nerves. Some of the common side effects of the medication serotonin would include confusion, muscle rigidity, high blood pressure, insomnia, agitation, high blood pressure, and many more. These two medications dopamine and serotonin would help with depression treatment (Kancel, 2016).

Bottom of Form

DALIA SALGADO

an hour ago, at 7:32 PM

Top of Form

Serotonin

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, appetite, and digestion. It is involved in various physiological processes including regulation of body temperature, appetite, and sleep. It is also involved in cognitive and social behaviors Serotonin is most closely linked to the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) drug class. SSRIs work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, thus increasing the amount of serotonin available to the body. SSRIs are used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, and other mental health disorders (Gasmi et al., 2023). The expected outcomes of SSRIs are improvements in mood, an increase in energy and motivation, and a decrease in anxiety. The potential side effects of SSRIs include headaches, nausea, diarrhea, and insomnia. 

Norepinephrine

 Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating attention, alertness, energy, and focus. It also plays a role in controlling the autonomic nerve system, which controls the body’s involuntary processes including breathing, heart rate, and digestion. It is most closely linked to the Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (NRI) drug class. NRI drugs work by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine in the brain, thus increasing the amount of norepinephrine available to the body. NRIs are used to treat depression, narcolepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other mental health disorders. The expected outcomes of NRIs are improvements in concentration, focus, and alertness (Wu et al., 2023). The potential side effects of NRIs include anxiety, insomnia, headaches, and nausea. 

Based on this information, these neurotransmitters would be considered for the treatment plan of various mental health disorders, such as anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and narcolepsy. SSRIs and NRIs can be used to treat the symptoms of these conditions, such as improved mood, increased energy and motivation, and improved concentration, focus, and alertness. However, it is essential to note that these medications should be used in combination with psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and other medications in order to treat the underlying causes of the mental health disorder. Finally, potential side effects should be discussed with a healthcare provider before beginning any medication.

Bottom of Form

Ariel Lopez

an hour ago, at 7:30 PM

Top of Form

Neurotransmitters are chemicals produced in the nervous system that help transmit signals from one neuron to another. Neurotransmitters also play a key role in controlling various physiological processes, including pain, pleasure, and mood. In this essay, I will discuss two neurotransmitters: serotonin, norepinephrine, and their pharmacologic actions, the drug classes most closely linked to them, expected outcomes and potential side effects, and the conditions for which these neurotransmitters would be considered for treatment.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of many aspects of mental and physical health. It is produced in the brain and regulates mood, appetite, sleep, and other functions. Serotonin is most closely linked to the drug class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (Wu et al., 2019). These drugs work by blocking the serotonin reuptake, which increases the serotonin available in the brain. SSRIs are used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders. The expected outcomes of this drug class are improved mood and reduced anxiety. Potential side effects are associated with SSRIs, including nausea, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction.

Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of stress, arousal, and attention. It is produced in the brain and is responsible for regulating energy levels, alertness, and focus. Norepinephrine is most closely linked to the drug class of adrenergic agonists. These drugs work by activating the norepinephrine receptors in the brain, which increases the amount of norepinephrine available. Adrenergic agonists treat depression, anxiety, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Hasan Mahmood et al., 2019). The expected outcomes of this drug class are improved mood and increased attention. Adrenergic agonists have potential side effects, including insomnia, weight gain, and increased blood pressure.

Based on the information provided, serotonin and norepinephrine would be considered for treating depression, anxiety, and ADHD. Both neurotransmitters are associated with regulating mood and attention, which are essential factors in treating these disorders (Walter et al., 2020). SSRIs and adrenergic agonists are the two drug classes most closely linked to serotonin and norepinephrine, respectively, and they are effective in treating depression, anxiety, and ADHD.

In conclusion, serotonin and norepinephrine are two neurotransmitters involved in regulating mood and attention. They are most closely linked to the drug classes of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and adrenergic agonists, respectively. SSRIs and adrenergic agonists are effective in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and ADHD, and these neurotransmitters would be considered for the treatment of these conditions.

Bottom of Form

lianne Maria Liens

an hour ago, at 7:28 PM

Top of Form

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine has a role as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. To react to stress, the adrenal medulla secretes norepinephrine, which raises the body’s heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose.

Pharmacologic action– Norepinephrine is a vasoconstrictor, indicating that they reduce blood flow by narrowing blood arteries. It improves circulation to important organs by raising blood pressure. Norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors to exert its pharmacological effects. The actions of adrenergic medications are mediated through adrenergic receptors, which are expressed on the cell’s surface 

(Saboory et al., 2020). 

The alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors are the two main kinds. There are alpha- and beta-adrenergic impacts of norepinephrine. The primary response is sensitive to the concentration of norepinephrine and the specific adrenergic receptor that is activated

Linked drug class- The sympathomimetics class of drugs is highly linked to norepinephrine. These pharmaceuticals achieve their effects by acting similarly to the hormone norepinephrine. Asthma, congestive heart failure, and high blood pressure are only a few of the illnesses that sympathomimetics can cure. (Saboory et al., 2020)

Expected outcome- Norepinephrine’s anticipated outcome includes a rapid heart rate acceleration, a rise in blood pressure, and a rise in blood glucose.

Potential side effects- Anxiety, agitation, tachycardia, and high blood pressure are all possible negative reactions.

Melatonin

Melatonin controls the sleeping and waking patterns. Human bodies create the hormone naturally, but the quantity secreted is lesser for aged individuals. 

Pharmacologic action- Melatonin’s pharmacological effect is to normalize the circadian rhythm (or sleep-wake cycle). It achieves this by interacting with brain receptors that regulate waking and sleeping (Kaur & Shyu, 2018). It can promote sleep by resetting the body’s internal clock. Melatonin supplements are commonly used before night to assist with sleep onset and maintenance.

The linked drug class is the hypnotic drug class to which melatonin is most strongly related. Medications known as hypnotics are taken to help people fall asleep.

Expected outcome- The anticipated outcome is that individuals who use melatonin supplements will find it simpler to fall asleep and more restful to remain asleep for longer (Kaur & Shyu, 2018). There’s also speculation that it might boost sleep quality, making for a more revitalizing morning wake-up experience. 

Potential side effects- Grogginess is the most prevalent adverse reaction to melatonin. Among potential negative reactions are headaches, dizziness, nausea, irritation, tension, and sadness. Taking in excessive amounts of melatonin might lead to some side effects.

Condition in which these neurotransmitters will be considered 

Norepinephrine has a variety of medical applications, including the treatment of heart failure and the prevention and treatment of hypotension in surgical patients. In addition to its usage in treating ADHD, it has shown promise in treating some forms of seizures. Insomnia is the most prevalent condition in which melatonin can be utilized (Kaur & Shyu, 2018). Nevertheless, melatonin has the potential to address a wide range of medical issues, including but not limited to anxiety, aching, and depression.

Bottom of Form

Alberto Gutierrez Lopez

an hour ago, at 7:26 PM

NEW
Top of Form

Dopamine

Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter that is synthesized in the brain and plays a key role in regulating movement, emotion, cognition and motivation. It is involved in many physiological processes and is released from presynaptic neurons to bind to postsynaptic receptors. Dopamine is linked to pharmacological action such as antipsychotic drugs, which act to block dopamine receptors and reduce the activity of dopamine pathways in the brain. This can reduce the symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations, delusions and disorganized thinking. Dopamine is also linked to drug classes such as stimulants, which increase dopamine levels in the brain, resulting in increased alertness, focus and energy (Kaur et al., 2020). Stimulants are commonly used to treat ADHD and other conditions associated with attention-deficit and hyperactivity. 

Expected outcomes of dopamine-related drugs include improved mood, improved cognitive performance, increased motivation and improved attention. Potential side effects of dopamine-related drugs include restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, and increased risk of addiction. 

Acetylcholine 

 Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter found throughout the nervous system. It is involved in muscle contraction, movement, memory formation, learning, and other cognitive processes. Acetylcholine is linked to pharmacological action such as anticholinergics, which act to block the activity of acetylcholine receptors and reduce the activity of acetylcholine pathways in the brain. This can reduce the symptoms of cognitive disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological conditions (Sam & Bordoni, 2020). Acetylcholine is also linked to drug classes such as cholinesterase inhibitors, which increase the availability of acetylcholine and improve memory and cognitive performance. 

Expected outcomes of acetylcholine-related drugs include improved cognition, improved memory, improved concentration, and improved motor skills. Potential side effects of acetylcholine-related drugs include dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, and increased risk of confusion. 

Dopamine and Acetylcholine would be considered for the treatment of neurological conditions such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Dopamine is also used to treat attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorders. The pharmacological action, drug classes, and expected outcomes of these drugs can be used to help manage and improve the symptoms of these conditions. Finally, it is essential to note that these drugs come with potential side effects and should be used with caution.

Bottom of Form

Adalberto Valdes

an hour ago, at 7:24 PM

NEW
Top of Form

Serotonin neurotransmitter

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter found in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. It is a monoamine neurotransmitter, meaning it is derived from an amino acid and is most closely linked to the drug class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (Kanova & Kohout, 2021). These drugs act by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, which increases its presence in the synaptic cleft and thus increases its effects.

The pharmacological action of serotonin is that it plays a role in regulating mood and behavior, as well as appetite, sleep, learning, and memory. It is believed to have an anxiolytic effect and can be used to treat anxiety and depression (Kanova & Kohout, 2021). Expected outcomes of serotonin include improved mood, increased energy, improved concentration, and improved sleep. The potential side effects of serotonin include nausea, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. If taken in large doses, serotonin can also cause serotonin syndrome, which can be dangerous.

Norepinephrine neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter found in the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and adrenal gland. It is most closely linked to the drug class of noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs). These drugs act by increasing the activity of norepinephrine, which increases its presence in the synaptic cleft and thus increases its effects.

The pharmacological action of norepinephrine is to play a role in regulating arousal, attention, and motivation. It is believed to have an antidepressant effect and can be used to treat depression. Expected outcomes of norepinephrine include improved mood, increased energy, improved concentration, and improved sleep (Pidathala et al., 2021). The potential side effects of norepinephrine include headache, nausea, insomnia, restlessness, dizziness, and anxiety. If taken in large doses, norepinephrine can also cause hypertension and an increased heart rate.

Conclusion

Based on this information, serotonin and norepinephrine may be considered for the treatment of depression. Both neurotransmitters are associated with antidepressant effects, and their expected outcomes include improved mood and increased energy. However, it is important to note that both can have potential side effects and should be used with caution. In addition, they should always be used in combination with other treatments, such as psychotherapy.

ESDENA

Serotonin: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is responsible for regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and other behaviors. It is commonly linked to antidepressant drugs, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac and Zoloft. The pharmacologic action of serotonin is to increase the activity of serotonin receptors in the brain, allowing for an increase in serotonin activity. The expected outcome of SSRIs is an improvement in mood and a decrease in feelings of depression. SSRIs can also cause side effects such as nausea, headaches, and insomnia. Serotonin medications are often considered for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Moncrieff,2022).

Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is responsible for regulating attention, alertness, and arousal. It is most closely linked to stimulant drugs like methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine (Adderall). The pharmacologic action of norepinephrine is to increase the activity of norepinephrine receptors in the brain, allowing for an increase in norepinephrine activity. The expected outcome of stimulant medications is increased alertness and attention, as well as improved focus and concentration. Stimulant medications can also cause side effects such as anxiety, insomnia, and decreased appetite. Norepinephrine medications are often considered for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (Moncrieff,2022).

Based on this information, both serotonin and norepinephrine medications are considered for the treatment of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and narcolepsy. Both medications can have potential side effects, so it is important to discuss the benefits and risks with a healthcare provider before starting any medication.

Bottom of Form